我国农村征地补偿制度的缺陷及其解决途径

随着社会主义市场经济体制的逐步完善,建立健全我国农村土地征用补偿制度,对于克服我国农村土地征用过程中暴露出的诸多问题非常重要,对于进一步维护农村的和谐稳定,促进国家经济全面、协调、可持续发展,维护社会的长治久安,都具有十分重要的战略意义。     

城镇化背景下失地农民保障问题研究

在我国城镇化的进程中,大量农村土地被征用,越来越多的农民成为失地农民。现行的农村土地产权制度、土地征用与补偿制度存在诸多缺陷,使得失地农民基本的合法权益不能得到有效保障。文章分析了失地农民面临的种种困难,并提出了解决失地农民保障问题的相关建议。     

农村土地征用存在的问题及解决对策探析

本文从我国农地征用的现状和问题出发,分析问题产生的原因,根据科学发展和统筹城乡发展的指导思想,提出了市场经济体制下解决农村土地征用问题的对策,如加强和完善农村土地征用的立法;改革当下的土地征用制度;完善征地补偿机制;完善征地农民的社会保障;完善监督检查机制.     

我国农村土地政策考察

农村土地政策是我国三农问题的核心内容,也是社会主义新农村建设成败的关键因素之一。通过考察建国以来我国农村土地政策的演化,可以发现现行农村土地政策存在产权主体不明确、农民土地权益得不到保障、土地管理、征用体制不完善等问题。在坚持党和政府的领导与管理职能、明确农民的主体地位的前提下,应当从进一步明确农村土地的产权、切实保障农民的合法土地权益、完善农村土地征用制度等方面不断完善我国的农村土地政策。     

中国土地政策的实证分析与实践中的创新

通过对浙江、陕西、广东三省的调查,剖析了土地问题在基层的表现形式及其产生的影响.它们的一个主要共同点是:在农村土地转化为城市土地时,由政府垄断土地的一级市场.浙江和陕西的案例揭示了地方政府所面临的各种风险,它们源于各级政府对以土地为基础的借贷的日益高度依赖.广东的案例则表明,集体土地所有者规避正式的土地征用过程,将集体建设用地投放市场,加速了地方工业化进程,促进了农村经济转型.     

土地征用的制度创新研究

在席卷全球的工业化、城市化进程中,土地征用是我国各地政府面临的一个重要课题,也是当今世界各国面临的一个基本问题.从制度经济学角度分析现行土地征用制度可以看出,正是由于土地征用制度设计上的缺陷与不足,直接导致了土地所有权主体虚置及土地征用权被滥用,影响了农民对土地使用权、处分权和收益权的有效运用.土地征用制度的改革与创新研究也必须对此予以充分关注.     

财产规则、责任规则、不可转让规则与农地产权保护——农地征用中农民利益受损的法经济学分析

本文考察了我国农村土地在征用中的产权形态和农民利益的保障情况.由于城乡土地制度的分割,政府便成为城乡之间土地流转的惟一中介,农地转化为城市非农用地一概须经过政府的征用才能实现.这种制度安排使农地产权成为一种失去法律防护的权利,它既不能依据财产规则来保护,也不能以责任规则来保护,甚至不能得到"不可转让规则"的保护.因此,农地产权是一种残缺的产权.在城市化运动中,以这种产权为基础的农民利益失去了制度保障.     

深化农村土地制度改革问题的观点综述

一、农村土地所有权问题研究的几种观点1.中共中央党校研究室周天勇认为:宪法规定,农村耕地和牧场属于农村农民集体所有。然而,在理论上有关农村土地,有两种模糊的认识,一是一些学者认为,土地的最终权利应当在国家手中;二是经济发展应当由政府主导,农村土地是城市化和工业化赖以发展的重要资源,国家应当拥有土地的发展权。实际上,解放以来,由于强制征用农村集体土地为城市国有土地,农民从补偿、安置等方面,都没有谈判(讨价还价)的权利,农村集体土地的处置和收益权利、有关土地的发展权实际掌握在政府手中。因而,实际的农村耕地征用制度和政…     

新中国农地征用补偿制度变迁历程及启示

现行农地征用补偿制度产生了诸多问题,已成为我国社会经济持续发展的一种现实障碍.本文对新中国农地征用补偿制度进行梳理,对不同阶段农地征用补偿制度的效果及其原因进行了分析,认为农地征用补偿制度的根本问题不在于补偿标准,而在于农地产权制度、公权力的无约束、土地生产要素功能的被忽视和农民权利的缺失.因此,今后我国农地征用补偿制度的改革应主要从上述几方面进行.     

我国土地征用制度存在的问题及对策研究

《中华人民共和国土地管理法》规定：“国家为公共利益的需要,可以依法对集体所有的土地实行征用。”但哪些建设项目应当纳入公共利益范畴缺乏明确规定,这种土地征用制度上的抽象性及范围和目的的模糊性为地方政府任意解释“公共利益”的概念进而滥用征地权提供了法律空子,也为房地产商炒地、圈地、乱占滥用农地扫除了制度上的障碍。不少地方政府征用土地并非是用于公共利益,而是出于商业目的,土地征用权的行使超过了公共利益边界,造成土地征用范围过宽,耕地锐减,农地非农化的趋势几乎失控。当前,我国正在处于工业化和城镇化加快发展的时期,从国外发展的经验看,正是耕地减少最快的时期。现阶段,我国农地征用中的问题总的来说不是征地不够而导致经济发展受阻的问题,而是土地征用的过多和过滥以及不恰当使用的问题。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.     

Duplication, Growth and ‘Total Return Economics’

Maintenance consumption is an expense recovered in product prices, yet also a source of taste satisfaction which must be exhausted, rather than reinvested, from the capital affording it. This riddle is solved in the duplication rules: the cost of maintenance consumption is recovered in pay and prices, but an equal flow is exhausted from the human capital of the worker earning the pay. The rules impact tradition in several ways. If output is defined in principle as value added, then it cannot also be described as consumption plus net investment without double-counting the maintenance consumption recovered in prices. Also rate of return in the stationary state is not zero, but is the rate sufficient to offset the exhaustion of individual human capital. The rules lead to new insights into economic return, and support an argument that all growth at the scale of closure is due to productivity gain rather than to thrift.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Simulating the Effect of Regulatory Systems in a Fishery, An Application to the French Driftnet Albacore Fleet

With a thin economic component, most bio-economic models of fisheries failto assess the effects of the regulation systems on firms. In order to analysethe short term consequences of different management schemes, a simulationmodel is applied to the French driftnet albacore fleet: licence allocation withdriftnet regulation, individual quotas, and individual transferable quotaswithout any input control. Vessel technology is estimated by using the datacollected, and groups of vessels are distinguished according to criteria ofperformance. We present the adjustment within firms and between groupsunder different scenarios (limited entry with and without driftnetregulation, individual quotas and individual transferable quotas allocation),and we compare their results in terms of quasi-rent value and otherindicators such as hake harvests or dolphin by-catches.     

Knowledge as a Path-Dependence Process

By following a new approach proposed by Cognitive and Neuroeconomics, this paper presents and extends that part of Hayek's theory concerning knowledge in path-dependent terms, and shows that this is a fertile theory, opening new lines of inquiry for contemporary economics. In his theory of knowledge Hayek shows that the dynamics of economic change is path-dependent, in a different and more profound way than in the rest of the path-dependent literature. This literature deals with an important controversy, which will be also discussed and its specific and original meaning will be highlighted. As it will emerge, knowledge as a path-dependent process is consistent with cognitive theories of perception and learning and it plays a more important role than is traditionally assumed. Path-dependence is in fact always present in the cognitive dimension of perception and in individual decision-making processes, as well as in the processes of organizational innovation, and even in the macro-dimension of institutional change. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.