块状超稠油油藏水平井开发实践与认识

以杜84断块馆陶组油层为例,由油藏地质特征入手,进行了水平井开发适应性研究,经现场实施后取得了成功.实践表明,水平井可以长距离地钻开油层,增加重力泄油面积,能在较低的油藏渗流速度下达到较高的油井产量,适于超稠油开发.与直井相比,水平井具有初期产量高、稳产期长以及周期产油量高等特点,是直井蒸汽吞吐开发后期提高采收率的有效手段.     

改善互层状超稠油油藏吞吐效果技术研究

辽河油田曙一区兴隆台油层为互层状超稠油油藏,是主要的储量接替和产能建设区域.该区域储层发育差,开发过程中存在注汽压力高、低周期采注比低、周期产油量低、油汽比低、吞吐效果差等问题.通过对油藏储层特征、油藏开发矛盾的研究,掌握制约互层状超稠油油藏开发效果的因素和机理,寻求改善开发效果的有效途径和技术手段.现场应用表明,通过合理的射孔层位组合、合理的注汽参数设计、组合式吞吐技术的应用、套管防护技术的应用等,可以有效的改善油藏开发效果.     

超稠油三元复合吞吐技术

辽河油田曙一区超稠油蒸汽吞吐井随吞吐轮次增高,地层亏空严重,周期递减迅速,采油成本增加.辽河油田特种油开发公司研究的超稠油三元复合吞吐技术,通过CO2、表面活性剂的注入,产生调剖、溶解、降粘等综合作用,有效改善了超稠油在地层的流动性,提高蒸汽吞吐效果.自2002年9月开始对该技术的施工工艺和施工参数进行不断改进与完善,初步形成适合于超稠油油藏地质特点的三元复合吞吐工艺技术.至2005年底,累计实施340井次,措施有效率86.1%,平均单并周期增油494 t,投入产出比为1:5.3,取得了明显的增油效果,经济效益显著,为超稠油油井高效稳产、增产提供了一条有效途径.     

普通稠油油藏纵向动用程度与储层参数关系研究

对普通稠油油层吸汽状况与储层参数关系研究.结合油藏动态监测资料分析,确定了油藏动用程度与储层参数对应关系,提出了蒸汽吞吐动用油层的渗透率下限和厚度下限.该研究为提高油藏动用程度和注汽参数优化设计提供切实可行的依据.经过现场实践,取得了较好的经济效益,对同类油藏的开发具有一定的指导意义.     

中厚层超稠油油藏动用程度影响因素及挖潜技术分析

中厚层状超稠油油藏一般储量较大,但开发难度大,动用程度低.综合应用油藏地质及监测资料,通过数理统计分析及数值模拟,研究了杜229块兴隆台油层平面与纵向上的动用规律.揭示超稠油油藏蒸汽吞吐开发动用程度的影响因素,为采取有效技术措施,不断提高储量动用程度,改善超稠油开发效果提供了基础和方向.研究表明,亚临界锅炉注汽、层系互换、水平井加密、大注汽量集团注汽、一注多采等措施可有效提高油藏动用程度,提高采收率.此次研究结果对于其它油田的中厚层稠油油藏开发也就有一定的指导和借鉴意义.     

CO2三元复合辅助蒸汽吞吐技术在曙光油田的应用

CO2三元复合辅助吞吐复合采油技术是针对稠油蒸汽吞吐采取的一种增产措施.该项技术是CO2吞吐技术与化学吞吐、化学解堵、气举助排相结合的复合性增产措施.该技术综合考虑了CO2和表面活性剂对油层的共同作用,克服了单纯注CO2易造成无机及有机结垢和胶质、沥青质结块而堵塞油层的不足,对油层具有储能、增温、解堵及负压掏空的多重作用,是近年发展起来的一种提高采收率的新方法.     

杜84块组合式吞吐效果评价

超稠油蒸汽吞吐开发存在生产周期短、周期产油量低、油汽比低、产量递减快的矛盾.通过分析超稠油油品特点、杜84块兴Ⅵ组油层的油藏特点及生产动态,发现蒸汽吞吐的直井已进入高轮次.生产效果差,吨油成本高,且直井井下技术状况差,可动用井数很少,直井蒸汽吞吐加热半径有限.利用数值模拟技术,发现直井井间地带仍有大量剩余油存在,在井间部署加密水平井,采用直井与水平井组合式注汽,动用直井无法动用的储量,增加了区块可采储量,降低了区域综合递减速度,加速了直井与水平井形成热连通,为下步转入SAGD试验做好了准备.     

超稠油油藏汽窜防治方法研究

通过对超稠油蒸汽吞吐汽窜特点的研究,对曙一区超稠油汽窜的油藏和开发等因素进行了分析,并对防治汽窜的方法进行了探讨,提出了适合超稠油蒸汽吞吐开发的汽窜防治措施.现场应用表明,通过采用优化射孔层位和注汽参数、推广应用组合式蒸汽吞吐技术、实施高温暂堵、调剖封窜技术等,可以有效抑制和利用汽窜,改善油层动用状况,提高油藏开发效果.     

欢喜岭油田齐40块607井区开发效果评价

齐40块607井区属于中厚互层状稠油油藏,随着蒸汽吞吐周期的增加,开发效果逐渐变差,严重影响了油井的正常生产.针对生产中出现的问题,利用各种测试资料认真分析原因,并采取分层注汽、单层注汽、同注同采、调补层、大修侧钻以及调剖堵窜等措施,解决了生产中的矛盾,既提高了油井的周期产油量和周期油汽比,又提高了油层的采出程度,为稠油油藏开发后期改善开发效果提供了宝贵的经验.     

蒸汽驱生产井套管气结晶处理技术研究

齐40块莲花油层为稠油油藏,采用蒸汽吞吐方式开发,1998～2003年进行了蒸汽驱先导试验.在试验过程中,生产井出现了套管气结晶现象,影响了油井的正常生产,不但油井产量和开井时率下降,而且给生产管理带来了安全隐患和难度.针对该问题,采取掺稀油、定期放套压、热洗、油井自身洗井以及掺水等技术方法,成功解决了蒸汽驱生产井套管气结晶的问题.     

我国房地产税制的现状及改革构想

房地产税制是维护房地产市场公平竞争，实现国家对房地产业宏观调控的有力杠杆。然而，我国现行的房地产税制却存在税费不分、税制不统一、税制结构不合理等诸多问题。严重影响了其对房地产业应有的宏观调控作用。因此，适时地推进房地产税制的改革应是当务之急，应统一内外税制，合理界定税费的范围，建立统一、规范、合理的房地产税收体系。     

The Change in Productive Efficiency in Telecommunications in the United States

The question addressed here is whether the adoption of incentive regulation, which has become an important regulatory tool in the telecommunications industry in the USA, has resulted in a change in the technical efficiency of local exchange carriers in the USA. After providing an overview of the nature of incentive regulation, a methodology for measuring technical efficiency and its change is introduced. This is a multiple-output/multiple-input distance function approach to measuring technical efficiency. The results of implementing this approach for 19 local exchange carriers for the 1988–2001 period indicate that in the production of local service, intrastate toll/access service, and interstate access to local loops, there was no change in technical efficiency between the 1988–1990 period and the 1991–2001 period, something that incentive regulation was specifically designed to promote.     

Payment Systems in Countries in Transition

MOCT-MOST: Economic Policy in Transitional Economies -     

The Change in Productive Efficiency in Telecommunications in the United States

The question addressed here is whether the adoption of incentive regulation, which has become an important regulatory tool in the telecommunications industry in the USA, has resulted in a change in the technical efficiency of local exchange carriers in the USA. After providing an overview of the nature of incentive regulation, a methodology for measuring technical efficiency and its change is introduced. This is a multiple-output/multiple-input distance function approach to measuring technical efficiency. The results of implementing this approach for 19 local exchange carriers for the 1988-2001 period indicate that in the production of local service, intrastate toll/access service, and interstate access to local loops, there was no change in technical efficiency between the 1988-1990 period and the 1991- 2001 period, something that incentive regulation was specifically designed to promote.     

西部地区人力资本投资与知识化发展

人力资本投资在推动知识化发展的过程中存在自增强机制，通过促进人力资本保值增值，进行人力资源合理配置，改善配置环境和配置政策、完善配套措施，有助于充分发挥这一机制的功能，从而实现西部地区知识化发展。     

Public participation in forestry in Turkey

Recently public participation in forestry has been seriously considered in Turkey. Participation is however quite a challenge for a country with a long tradition of top-down management and a strong bottom-up dependence on public provisioning. In such a setting, it may not be surprising that the experiences with public participation in forestry in Turkey are mixed. There are some positive initiatives like the creation of farmer's cooperatives and NGOs, but their role is quite limited and small of scale. This paper is bringing together different views based on existing studies in Turkish related to Turkey's experience with implementing public participation in forestry.     

Inequalities in Income Distribution in Slovenia

This article presents an empirical analysis of income distribution based on income tax data for Slovenia in 1991-2000. It presents evidence of rising inequalities in income distribution (gross income, gross wages and pensions). These results are supported by coefficients of variation, Gini coefficients and by the Lorenz curves. Inequalities increased rapidly in the 1991 to 1993 period. After a significant decrease in 1994 and a steady increase from 1995 to 2000, the peak value from 1993 was not surpassed. Atkinson's requirements for dominance comparisons are not violated. Inequalities are also present in the distribution of the benefits of economic growth among income groups.     

Age Discrimination in Employment in Canada

Issues pertaining to age discrimination in employment in Canada are analyzed with a view toward highlighting lessons that may be learned from the Canadian experience—an experience that is taking on increased policy importance. Reasons for the increased attention to age discrimination issues are outlined, followed by a portrayal of the age discrimination legislation and court interpretations in Canada, especially as they pertain to mandatory retirement. Enforcement aspects are discussed, as is the evidence on age discrimination in employment and the effectiveness of legislation with respect to age discrimination and mandatory retirement. The article concludes with a discussion of the lessons to be learned from the Canadian experience, especially with respect to the poorly understood but complicated relationship between age discrimination and mandatory retirement. Policy recommendations for strengthening age discrimination legislation are also outlined. (JEL J14 , J24 , J71 )