Form of Ownership and Financial Constraints:Panel Data Evidence From Flow of Funds and Investment Equations

This paper analyzes the effects of the form of ownership on the substitutability between internal and external sources of finance in Italy. In particular, we test whether financial constraints are more severe for independent firms compared to members of large national business groups and subsidiaries of foreign multinational corporations. The results obtained from flow of funds and investment equations estimated for a panel of Italian companies imply that independent firms face more severe financial constraints. In fact, not only members of national groups and subsidiaries of multinational corporations find it easier to substitute cash flow with external finance when the former falls but they do not display excess sensitivity to cash flow and debt in their investment decisions.     

金融发展、企业特征与研发融资约束

基于2008-2014年沪深A股主板和中小企业板上市公司数据,实证研究金融发展能否缓解企业R&D融资约束、促进企业R&D投入,并进一步考察这种作用在规模、区域、所有权、行业等4种因素影响下的差异性。研究发现：金融发展能够显著缓解企业面临的R&D融资约束,并且这种缓解作用对小规模企业和民营企业更加明显;金融发展水平较高的东部地区能够在更大程度上促进企业研发投入,而中西部地区则未能有效刺激企业R&D支出;与高科技行业相比,非高科技行业能够从金融发展中获利更多,其R&D投入水平得到显著提高。     

股权结构、内部现金流和企业投资行为——对自由现金流和信息不对称理论的检验

中国上市公司控制权和现金流权的高度分离为我们提供了一个很好的研究投资现金流敏感性的样本.本文从终极控制人的视角,以我国2003-2007年上市公司为研究对象,研究了终极控制股东现金流权及控制权与现金流权的偏离对企业过度投资的影响.研究表明:企业的投资现金流敏感度随着终极控股股东现金流权的增加而趋于下降;伴随控制权与现金流权分离水平的增加而上升.这种结果和自由现金流假说一致,即控股股东拥有过多的自由现金流可能导致过度投资,并且这种过度投资问题在资产收益率低的公司里更加严重.我们的结果不仅解决了以往关于现金流和投资之间的敏感是由于控股股东偏好过度投资还是投资不足的争论,而且为控股股东存在“激励效应”和“堑壕效应”提供了直接证据     

终极股东超额控制对公司研发投资的影响

以中国沪、深两市主板披露的研发投资上市公司为研究对象,基于终极产权论视角,研究终极股东超额控制如何影响公司研发投资以及上述影响在不同产权性质公司间的差异。结果表明：终极股东超额控制程度越高,代理问题越严重,就越倾向于减少高风险、长周期性质的研发投资,终极股东超额控制程度与公司研发投资显著负相关。与非国有控股公司相比,国有控股公司终极股东超额控制程度对公司研发投资的负向影响较小。     

企业社会责任、现金股利与投资效率

本文选择我国2008-2016年沪深两市的A股上市公司作为研究样本,首先实证检验了企业承担社会责任对企业现金股利分配的影响。研究结果表明,社会责任表现越好的企业其更倾向于派发或连续派发现金股利,并且现金股利支付率越高。接下来本文对企业发放现金股利与投资效率的关系进行了研究。研究表明,企业发放现金股利通过减少企业的自由现金流抑制代理问题,缓解了自由现金流富余的企业的过度投资,连续派现向市场传递出的积极信号为企业带来新的融资,缓解了自由现金流紧缺的企业的投资不足。最后,本文进一步研究了企业社会责任在现金股利与投资效率的相关关系中发挥了何种调节作用,研究结果显示企业通过履行社会责任增加现金股利的发放,进而可以显著提高现金股利对过度投资的抑制作用。履行社会责任的企业更倾向于连续派现,从而提高了现金股利对投资不足的缓解程度。     

融资约束、代理成本与企业非效率研发投资研究

通过构建一个异质性双边随机边界模型,以湖北省上市公司为样本,定量考察了融资约束和代理成本对企业非效率研发投资的影响方向及程度。结果表明：①融资约束和代理成本对企业研发投资水平具有重要影响,并且,融资约束对企业研发投资的影响程度强于代理成本;②整体上湖北企业研发投资较最优水平低18.05%,但约32.84%的公司研发投资高于最优水平,约59%的公司研发投资不足程度超过10%;③企业非效率研发投资的异质性较强,地方国有企业和民营企业普遍研发投资不足,中央国有企业研发投资效率较高。创新引领中“政府之手”作用的有效发挥应考虑对不同企业分类施策、精准引导。     

中国上市公司高额现金持有行为溯因:融资约束理论抑或委托代理理论

对于公司高额现金持有行为的理论解释主要有委托代理理论和融资约束理论,文章利用中国上市公司样本数据进行多角度考察与实证检验,发现高额现金持有公司具有盈利能力强、成长性好、股利支付少、高管持股低、代理成本小等诸多公司特征;通过融资约束分组检验发现,高融资约束公司的"现金—现金流敏感性"显著为正,融资约束使得上市公司具有较强的现金积累倾向与偏好。实证研究表明:与委托代理理论相比,融资约束理论更适用于解释中国上市公司的高额现金持有行为。     

Firm investment and financial conditions in the euro area: evidence from firm-level data

We explore whether the sensitivity of firm-level investment to cash flow, typically associated with an external financing premium, is time-varying and in particular whether it varies with overall financial conditions. We find that financial conditions have indeed played a significant role in corporate investment decisions over recent years, rendering financing constraints even more binding. This finding appears to be robust to a number of control variables and robustness tests. Moreover, the impact of credit conditions is not uniform across firms, but rather it varies depending on firm size and leverage, with constrained firms being substantially more likely to condition their investment decisions on overall credit conditions. Our results cast new light on the interplay between financial and real cycle downturns and underline the need for monetary, fiscal and macroprudential policy to be countercyclical with respect to financial conditions.     

我国高新技术上市公司R&D投资的融资约束——基于规模和所有权的实证分析

构造了高新技术上市公司R&D投资的融资约束模型,利用2008—2011年我国沪深两市A股高新技术上市公司的财务数据,从R&D投资对现金流的敏感性的视角,实证分析了高新技术上市企业R&D投资面临的融资约束,并进一步按企业规模和所有权的不同将样本企业分组进行回归分析。研究结果显示:R&D投资面临明显的融资约束,依赖于企业内部现金流量;相比大型高新技术企业,中小型高新技术企业的R&D投资更依赖其内部现金流量,面临更严重的外部融资困境;相比国有控股高新技术企业,非国有控股高新技术企业的R&D投资面临更严重的融资约束。提出:在转型经济背景下,我国政府应着力建设、完善与高新技术企业相匹配的多层次融资体系,缓解企业的融资约束,促进企业研发投入增加。     

THE IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT INVESTMENT ORGANIZATIONS IN MALAYSIA ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THEIR PORTFOLIO COMPANIES

Research into the impact of government ownership on the financial performance of listed companies typically assumes the government to be a monolithic entity and fails to consider that government ownership rights are administered by different types of government organizations. Exploring the financial performance of government controlled listed companies we find that in Malaysia the impact of government ownership varies depending on the type of organization which manages the government's ownership stakes. Taking into account golden Share provisions as well as the presence of senior civil servants and of politicians on boards of Directors, we find that firms controlled by investment organizations under federal government control tend to outperform firms controlled by regional governments’ investment organizations.     

从股票错误定价看投资-现金流敏感性

在传统的投资-现金流敏感性研究基础上,本文运用中国上市公司2003-2008年面板数据,考察了盈余管理造成的股票错误定价对公司投资-现金流敏感性的影响.本文的实证结果表明:当股价处于上升通道中时(即投资者看好投资前景时),公司的投资-现金流敏感性较高,并且融资约束对公司的投资-现金流敏感性影响显著,但盈余操纵导致错误定价对公司投资-现金流敏感性影响不大;股指处于下降通道时,通过盈余操纵导致股价高估的公司,往往无法获得外部股权融资,只体现了更高的稳定股价和投资的意愿,因此,此类公司的投资-现金流敏感性较高.本文运用信息不对称理论,结合投资者情绪和管理者行为分析,对研究结果进行了解释并指出了后续研究的方向.     

Investment decisions and the soft budget constraint

This paper investigates the investment behaviour of a large panel of Hungarian firms in the period 1989–99, in order to assess the impact of institutional and regulatory changes on the efficiency of credit allocation. We find that the role of financial factors for investment decisions has changed significantly after the introduction of major financial reforms, and that firms were affected differently depending on their ownership type. Reforms have hardened the budget constraint of private domestic firms, particularly small ones, and reduced informational problems for foreign‐owned firms. State‐owned firms remained subject to a soft budget constraint. In particular, small state firms became more sensitive to financial conditions, whereas large state firms were unaffected and kept operating under a soft budget constraint.     

后危机时代企业现金流风险预警系统研究

良好的现金流是企业正常运营的基本保证。全球性金融危机的根源之一就是各类企业,尤其是金融机构的现金流出现断裂。因此,建立有效的现金流风险预警系统有助于企业规避风险,具有十分重要的现实意义。本文提出,科学性、系统性、全面性、同趋势性以及经济性是构建现金流风险预警系统的5个重要原则。在上述原则下,本文将现金流风险预警系统所需指标分为5大类,即获现能力指标、偿债能力指标、盈利能力指标、财务弹性指标以及发展能力指标。随后,又将这5类指标分解为20个细化指标。为将上述指标形成一个有机整体,本文认为,德尔菲法等主观赋权法与因子分析法、主成分分析法、聚类分析法等等客观赋权法在预警指标赋权过程中的作用十分显著。最后,本文讨论了有效构建现金流风险预警系统所需要注意的4个问题。     

风险投资对上市公司投融资行为影响的实证研究

本文研究风险投资机构对上市公司投融资行为的影响机制和作用效果,结果发现:风险投资的加入不仅可以抑制公司对自由现金流的过度投资,而且可以增加公司的短期有息债务融资和外部权益融资,并在一定程度上缓解因现金流短缺所导致的投资不足问题。进一步研究还发现不同特征的风险投资机构均可起到抑制自由现金流过度投资的作用,但只有高持股比例、高声誉、联合投资或非国有背景的风险投资机构才能够显著地改善外部融资环境,缓解现金短缺公司的投资不足问题。综合本文研究结果,作者认为企业上市后仍然可以利用风险投资机构的监督职能、声誉资源和融资关系网络来解决代理问题和信息不对称问题,进而促进企业投融资行为的规范化和理性化。     

投资者情绪对科技型企业R & D投入不足的校正效应

从自由现金流和股权融资约束出发,基于中国科技型上市企业2009-2016年面板数据分析投资者情绪对R&D投入不足的校正效应。研究结果表明：投资者情绪对科技型企业R&D投入不足具有校正效应;股权融资约束越小,投资者情绪对科技型企业R&D投入不足的校正效应越明显;自由现金流对校正效应的影响显著。通过企业异质性检验发现,国有、成熟、大型科技型企业的自由现金流会削弱投资者情绪对R&D投入不足的校正效应;非国有、年轻、中小科技型企业受到的股权融资约束越小,投资者情绪对R&D投入不足的校正效应越显著。     

The Influence of Financial Factors on Corporate Investment

Abstract
Recent theoretical developments have shown that cash flows and the structure of a firm's balance sheet may have an important influence on investment. Establishing a link between cash flows, leverage and investment provides insights into the way that monetary policy and cyclical factors more generally influence the corporate sector. If cash flows are an important determinant of investment then changes in monetary policy (by changing interest rates) will influence investment through a cash flow effect as well as through altering the rate at which the returns to investment are discounted. If this is the case, the higher leverage of the corporate sector implies, other things being equal, that monetary policy may have a larger impact on investment than in the past .
In this article we use panel-data analysis to examine the impact of financial factors on investment decisions of firms in the Australian corporate sector. We find strong support for the influence of financial factors on investment decisions. Leverage, internally generated cash flows, and the stock of cash and liquid financial assets are all important influences on investment behaviour, particularly for smaller firms, highly leveraged firms, and firms with high retention ratios .     

INVESTMENT BEHAVIOUR,CORPORATE CONTROL,AND PRIVATE BENEFITS OF CONTROL: EVIDENCE FROM A SURVEY OF UKRAINIAN FIRMS

We analyse the impact of ownership and corporate control on firms’ investment using the 2001 survey of Yacoub et al. on Ukrainian firms. The model explains investment by output, financial and soft budget constraints, and corporate control (and ownership) categories potentially enjoying private benefits of control. We find that the corporate control model fits better than the ownership model, a negative relationship between state and employee control and firms’ investment, and evidence for the presence of soft budget constraints. A negative relationship between firms’ investment and the relative size of non‐monetary transactions strengthens the conclusion of private benefits of control impacting investment.     

市场化转型、风险偏好与中国商业银行的盈利性

在控制了影响银行盈利性的主要宏观经济及其他个体特征变量的条件下,本文考察了样本期间内全要素生产率变化、国有控股、公开上市、市场势力及风险偏好等因素对中国商业银行盈利性的影响程度与方向。研究发现:在当前金融制度安排下,商业银行向以提升全要素生产率为核心的内涵式发展模式的转变,反而轻微地降低了银行的盈利性;国有控股与公开上市对银行的盈利性均具有正向影响;随着多元化竞争体系的形成,商业银行的盈利能力获得了大幅提升;而中国商业银行在经营活动中的风险态度越是谨慎,风险承担越是适度,其盈利性就表现得越好。在推进商业银行市场化转型的进程中,需要关注国家整体金融制度的顶层设计问题,同时有效控制银行的经营风险,以实现其盈利性的可持续增长。     

现金流对上市公司投资行为的影响分析

本文采用实证方法，检验我国上市公司融资约束、现金流与投资决策之间的关系。以沪深300指数样本上市公司为基础，结合面板数据和时间数据，利用线性回归方法检验公司投资行为与现金流量、营业收入、负债率、托宾Q等财务指标的关系，并进一步分析上市公司的投资与现金流量等指标的敏感性。     

FAMILY FIRMS,BANK RELATIONSHIPS,AND FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS: A COMPREHENSIVE SCORE CARD

We examine the effect of financial constraints on firm investment and cash flow. We combine data from the Spanish Mercantile Registry and the Bank of Spain Credit Registry to classify firms according to whether they are family‐owned, not family‐owned, or belong to a family‐linked network of firms and according to their number of banking relations (with none, one, or several banks). Our empirical strategy is structural, based on a dynamic model solved numerically to generate the joint distribution of firm capital (size), investment, and cash flow, both in cross sections and in panel data. We consider three alternative financial settings: saving only, borrowing and lending, and moral hazard constrained state‐contingent credit. We estimate each setting via maximum likelihood and compare across these financial regimes. Based on the estimated financial regime, we show that family firms, especially those belonging to networks based on ownership, are associated with a more flexible market or contract environment and are less financially constrained than nonfamily firms. This result survives stratifications of family and nonfamily firms by bank status, region, industry, and time period. Family firms are better able to allocate funds and smooth investment across states of the world and over time, arguably done informally or using the cash flow generated at the level of the network. We also validate our structural approach by demonstrating that it performs well in traditional categories, by stratifying firms by size and age, and find that smaller and younger firms are more constrained than larger and older firms.