国际生产分割的生产率效应

国际生产分割对参与国的生产率产生了重要影响。本文使用符合中国特点的生产分割指标考察了中国参与国际生产分割对于工业行业生产率的影响。研究结果表明:中国参与生产分割有利于生产率的提高;非加工贸易形式的生产分割对生产率的提升作用要高于加工贸易形式的生产分割;生产分割提高生产率的效果对不同行业是不同的,中低技术行业最为明显,其次是高技术行业,最低为初级产品、劳动和资源密集部门;从发达国家承接的生产分割对生产率的提升作用要大于从非发达国家承接的生产分割。     

Research and development and labour productivity: do high-tech firms exhibit labour- or capital-saving technical change?

Employment and output in the advanced technology sectors have generally exhibited above-average growth for more than two decades. While this industry accounts for a relatively small share of total employment, the majority of private sector research and development (R&D) expenditures in the US is concentrated within seven sub-sectors. However, little attention has been paid as to whether high-tech productivity exhibits Hicksian capital or labour ‘savings’ bias or tendency to displace either factor input over time. Biased technical change can occur as economies transition between growth regimes. An augmented production function is employed to analyse the additional impact of R&D activity on firm-level labour productivity. A panel data set comprised of high-tech firms located across the advanced economies, China and India from 1990 to 2013 is used in the analysis. Labour-saving technical change was present across the advanced technology sectors and most countries. The expanded models of labour productivity that used fixed effects with lagged regressors confirmed the prior results as well as finding that R&D per employee, relative R&D intensity and firm market share contribute to firm-level labour productivity growth across countries and sectors. Additional support was found for diminishing returns to scale but not for R&D spillover effects.     

中国高技术产业价值链升级阻滞的条件组态研究——基于19个细分行业的质性比较分析

在以国际生产分割为特征的全球价值链分工格局下,中国高技术产业发展过程中的价值链低端锁定趋势不断凸显,由此引致的产业升级阻滞问题日益复杂化。为准确识别多重阻滞因素及其内在影响机理,运用组态思维和QCA方法,从创新投入、制度环境和国际知识溢出3个条件维度出发,对中国19个高技术行业进行差别化升级组态分析,探索不同前因条件与产业升级的一致性联系,并提出相应政策建议,以期为破解新时期中国高技术产业“升级之困”提供理论借鉴和决策参考。     

Diverse twins: analysing China’s impact on Italian and German exports using a multilevel quantile regressions approach

Germany and Italy are the largest manufacturing producers in Europe and export over 70% of their products to OECD countries. While they share many characteristics, they are also diverse in term of specialization and destination markets. Italy has a productive structure largely based on labour intensive sectors, while Germany is mainly specialized in high-tech goods. We study whether these characteristics make the two countries vulnerable in different ways to the competitive pressure by emerging economies, especially China, which experienced the strongest increase in export market share during the last decades. We discuss the impact of China on the export performance of Italy and Germany on OECD markets. Using data for the period 1995–2009, we implement a novel model to account for two important data characteristics: their hierarchical hidden structure (captured by a multilevel model) and the heterogeneity of the export shares (captured by a quantile approach). Results show that Chinese competition on Italy’s and Germany’s market shares differ by sectors, but, on average, Italy is not more vulnerable than Germany. These results are relevant for policy implications and for an ex-post analysis of the ‘best response’ to the Chinese competition.     

Export,R&D and new products. a model and a test on European industries

In this article we extend the model developed by Bogliacino and Pianta (Industrial and Corporate Change 22 649, 2013, b) on the link between R&D, innovation and economic performance, considering the impact of innovation on export success. We develop a simultaneous three equation model in order to investigate the existence of a ‘virtuous circle’ between industries’ R&D, share of product innovators and export market shares. We investigate empirically – at the industry level – three key relationships affecting the dynamics of innovation and export performance: first, the capacity of firms to translate their R&D efforts in new products; second, the role of innovation as a determinant of export market shares; third, the export success as a driver of new R&D efforts. The model is tested for 38 manufacturing and service sectors of six European countries over three time periods, from 1995 to 2010. The model effectively accounts for the dynamics of R&D efforts, innovation and international performance of European industries. Moreover, important differences across countries emerge when we split our sample into a Northern group – Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom – and a Southern group – France, Italy and Spain. We find that the ‘virtuous circle’ between innovation and competitiveness holds for Northern economies only, while Southern industries fail to translate innovation efforts into export success.     

Convergence and reorientation via open innovation: the emergence of nutraceuticals

The use of networked organisational arrangements to conduct exchanges is one of the most distinctive features of high-tech research-intensive industries. Advances in biotechnology and genomics research have enabled a generic technology platform that has fuelled a more ‘open’ approach to innovation and learning. This relies on collaborations between networked partners and allows for the convergence and reorientation of traditional sectors. This paper lends support to the view that some technologies can trigger a higher system level innovation, that is, in addition to the inter-firm level, an inter-industrial and inter-institutional level convergence and re-orientation process. This paper explores how this phenomenon is being witnessed in the pharmaceutical and food sectors and fast becoming a dominant logic in the emerging nutraceuticals industry.     

Trade and Technology from a Schumpeterian Perspective

This paper attempts to implement empirically a Schumpeterian model of international trade. After briefly discussing the literature on trade and technology, we formulate a model in which ‘real’ factors such as R&D expenditures, investment and wage costs have an impact on bilateral trade flows between advanced economies. We also take into account the effect of exchange rate differences. The model is empirically estimated on sectoral data for nine OECD countries. We find that what determines competitiveness differs by sector. In many sectors, either R&D expenditures or wage costs are important. The results for investment indicate a weaker role. Consistent with the Marshall-Lerner logic, we find that the sign of exchange rate changes varies by sector. We conclude the paper by a discussion of the relevance of the results for ‘technology-based’ theories of international trade.     

Young leading innovators and the EU's R&D intensity gap

Europe's innovation gap relative to the USA is often attributed to its industrial structure in which new firms do not play a significant role, especially in high-tech sectors. This view of a structural European Union (EU) innovation deficit is popular in European innovation policy discussions, but has received little or no thorough empirical investigation. This article aims to address this ‘evidence gap’. Using industrial R&D Scoreboard data from leading world innovators, we find that compared to the USA, the EU has fewer young firms among its leading innovators. Using a decomposition analysis, we show that having fewer young firms accounts for about one-third of the EU–US differential in R&D intensity, while 55% of the differential is due to the fact that young leading innovators in the EU are less R&D intensive than their US counterparts. Further analysis shows that this is almost entirely due to a different sectoral composition. We thus confirm that the EU–US private R&D gap is indeed mostly a structural issue.     

R&D spending in the high-tech sector and economic growth

The present paper provides new estimates of the impact of investment in R&D on long-term economic growth. In particular, we estimate a dynamic empirical growth model using panel data for OECD countries from 1970 to 2004. This study is the first to investigate whether the specialization of R&D activities (i.e. share of R&D investment in the high-tech sector) has an additional effect on GDP per working age population. Using a system GMM estimator in order to control for endogeneity, we find that both the ratio of business enterprises’ R&D expenditures to GDP and the share of R&D investment in the high-tech sector have strong positive effects on GDP per capita and GDP per hour worked in the long term.     

Innovation and productivity in manufacturing and service firms in Catalonia: a regional approach

This article analyses the determinants of research and development (R&D) and the role of innovation on labour productivity in Catalan firms. Our empirical analysis found a considerable heterogeneity in firm performances between the manufacturing and service industries and between low- and high-tech industries. The frontiers that separate manufacturing and service industries are increasingly blurred. In Catalonia high-tech knowledge-intensive services (KIS) play a strategic role in promoting innovation in both manufacturing and service industries, and driving growth throughout the regional economy. Empirical results show new firms created during the period 2002–2004 that have a greater R&D intensity than incumbent firms (54.1% in high-tech manufacturing industries and 68.8% in high-tech KIS). Small and young firms in the high-tech KIS sector are very prone to carrying out R&D and they invest more in innovation projects. R&D expenditures, output innovation, investment in physical capital, market share and export have positive effects on labour productivity in both the manufacturing and service sectors. Firm size, on the other hand, has a positive effect on productivity in manufacturing industries but not in services.     

New evidence on the sources of EU countries’ productivity growth—industry growth differences from R&D and competition

Recent studies on productivity growth show how competition affects innovation and TFP growth in OECD countries, but do not explicitly account for sectoral parameter heterogeneity. This paper examines whether competition and innovation have a direct effect on labor productivity growth in EU goods-producing industries separated by three different industry types. The results show that the effect of R&D on labor productivity growth is not equal across industries, but rather depends on the innovation activities of sectors. The same is true for competition and labor productivity growth. The empirical evidence indicates that in unleveled industries (i.e. industries characterized by technologically unequal firms) like Specialized Goods Suppliers and Science-Based Innovators strong labor productivity growth originates with decreased competition and increased R&D, thereby supporting Schumpeterian arguments. The findings suggest Schumpeterian effects in Supplier-Dominated Goods-Producing Industries, but reveal decreasing labor productivity growth in these sectors when competition is strongly restricted.     

Revisiting measure of R&D spillovers: empirical evidence on OECD countries and industries

Using data for 17 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries over 29 years for 28 industries, this paper estimates industry-wise research and development (R&D) spillovers from the largest R&D investors and the most R&D-intensive industries that contribute 80% of global R&D. In doing so, it tests several assumptions made in the literature, and data rejecting them, proposes a methodology on R&D return estimation devoid of these assumptions. Results show that R&D has substantial spillovers, justifying R&D support policy. Each dollar of R&D generates about 29 cents in spillovers domestically and 4 cents in foreign countries. However, both intra- and inter-industry spillovers vary by industries, implying that the policy of supporting each R&D dollar uniformly across industries is suboptimal. Contrary to industry heterogeneity, the R&D spillovers from an industry do not vary substantially across countries, suggesting that optimal R&D policy across OECD countries might be uniform. An industry-by-industry technology matrix shows that sometimes an idea generates a greater impact on other industries than where it is generated.     

我国高技术产业发展的若干问题分析

大力发展高技术产业、用高技术改造传统产业是提高产业结构升级及产业国际竞争力的最主要途径。经过近10年的发展,我国高技术产业已初具规模,但与时代的要求相比,与发达国家相比,还有很多不足。本文指出了我国高技术产业发展中存在的问题,剖析了其产生的原因,并提出了针对性的政策建议。     

全球化背景下以动态比较优势实现产业技术跨越

全球化背景下中国失去了采用传统保护手段来培育动态比较优势，而面对新的机遇和挑战，中国应立足于自身资源禀赋的比较优势，在某些产业的关键环节选择技术跨越来培育动态比较优势；并通过发展高新技术、加强对传统产业的技术改造和提高技术引进效果来有效实施技术跨越，在一定程度上占据国际分工制高点。     

Who produces for whom in the world economy?

Abstract For two decades, the share of trade in inputs, also called vertical trade, has been dramatically increasing. In reallocating trade flows to their original input‐producing industries and countries, this paper suggests a new measure of international trade: ‘value‐added trade’ and makes it possible to answer the question ‘who produces for whom?’ In 2004, 27% of international trade was vertical trade. The industrial and geographic patterns of value‐added trade are very different from those of standard trade. Value‐added trade is relatively less important in regional trade but the difference is not more important for Asia than for America.     

How national and international financial development affect industrial R&D

We examine the impacts of both domestic and international financial market development on R&D intensities in 22 manufacturing industries in 18 OECD countries for the period 1990–2003. We take account of such industry characteristics as the need for external financing and the amount of tangible assets. Multiple forms of domestic financial development are important determinants of R&D intensity but only foreign direct investment is significant among alternative measures of international financial development. We find the strongest effects for private bond-market capitalization, while FDI, private credit by banks, and stock-market capitalization have similar effects in terms of magnitude.     

我国工业结构优化升级的战略思考

推进工业结构优化升级,是保持工业平稳较快发展、提高增长质量和效益的重要保障,是关系工业发展全局的重大任务。以科学发展观为思想灵魂,建设节约型社会为基础,以科技进步为动力,以组织结构调整为切入点,深化工业体制改革,大力发展战略性工业产业,以高新技术改造传统工业,顺利实现工业结构优化升级,增强工业国际竞争力。     

国际产业转移对北京产业发展的影响及对策

国际产业转移趋势为北京吸引外资提供了新的历史机遇.北京承接国际产业转移,不仅推动了服务业的发展,催化了产业结构高度化,而且有效推动了高新技术产业的成长,提高了出口结构中高附加值产品的比例.在新形势下,北京承接国际产业转移的重点领域是现代服务业、高新技术产业、环境友好型产业及前瞻性产业、先进制造业和高级制造业.为此,必须采取有效的措施,进一步拓展承接国际产业转移的发展空间.     

技术进步对产业结构变化的作用——基于北京高技术产业的实证分析

本文将技术进步分为新产品和生产手段改进两种作用方式,运用数据包络分析和回归分析,测算了1998-2008年北京高技术产业技术进步对该产业结构变化的作用,并给出了各个作用效率值.结果表明:技术进步对高技术产业结构变化的作用明显;不同行业新产品和生产手段改进的技术进步对高技术产业结构变化的作用效率有所差别;就高技术产业整体而言,新产品的技术进步对高技术产业结构变化的作用最为显著,但在电子及通讯设备制造业中,生产手段改进的作用更为突出.因此,高技术产业作为首都经济的主导产业,应特别重视技术进步,尤其是加强新产品的技术进步,以更好地促进产业结构的改造和升级