国际煤炭价格对世界主要消费国经济增长影响的比较研究

通过协整检验和状态空间模型等方法对国际煤炭价格和美国、印度、俄罗斯与日本经济增长的关系进行了实证研究.研究结论表明,国际煤炭价格和上述四国经济增长之间存在着协整关系,表明各变量之间有长期均衡关系.国际煤炭价格和四国经济增长的因果关系不一致.国际煤炭价格和印度与俄罗斯经济增长呈现出单向因果关系;日本经济增长和煤炭价格不存在因果关系;美国经济增长和国际煤炭价格呈现出单向因果关系.受国际煤炭价格冲击,印度、日本和俄罗斯经济都长期呈现出正效应;美国经济短期内呈现负效应,长期也存在正向效应.最大的影响是对印度经济增长的影响,其价格弹性较大并且波动也较大,其次俄罗斯,之后美国,影响最弱的是日本经济.据此各国根据自身能源国情及国际比较优势,制定科学合理的能源战略与政策.     

中国长期煤炭需求:影响与政策选择

本文采用协整技术研究中国煤炭需求的长期均衡关系,估计出中国煤炭需求的长期收入弹性、价格弹性、结构弹性以及运输成本弹性;预测未来长期煤炭需求并分析其对环境、煤炭供给和煤炭价格的影响;模拟解释变量不同增长率下煤炭需求的演变并给出政策选择。中国高速经济增长是煤炭需求增长的主要原因。GDP是引导煤炭需求的原因,但煤炭需求不是引导GDP增长的原因,这也说明了将GDP作为解释变量的合理性。变量模拟得出的政策选择是工业结构的调整,即便是微调,也会对煤炭需求有很大的抑制作用;煤炭出厂价格的变动对煤炭需求变动的影响不太大,但煤炭需求对运输成本相当敏感,因而煤炭的最终价格对煤炭需求影响很大。     

亚太地区煤炭价格之间的联动性效应研究

本文基于协整理论和VECM模型研究了亚太地区煤炭价格和国内煤炭价格之间的相互联动机制。研究结果表明,上述煤炭价格之间存在协整关系且具有长期均衡关系,两者之间表现出较强的双向因果关系,澳大利亚BJ动力煤现货价成为国内煤炭价格波动的重要因素之一,国内煤炭价格对澳大利亚BJ动力煤现货价影响弱于澳大利亚BJ动力煤现货价对国内煤炭价格的影响,两者的相互影响呈现出非对称性联动效应。基于相关研究结论提出中国煤炭资源区域合作相关政策建议。     

国际煤炭现货与期货价格关联性研究

文章利用2010年12月10日至2013年7月12日的欧洲ARA三港现货价格和ICE鹿特丹期货价格周数据,对煤炭现货与期货价格之间的关联性进行了研究。用E-G两步法分析结果表明国际煤炭现货与期货价格之间存在协整关系。向量误差修正模型结果显示现货价格和期货价格变化分别受自身和对方前两期价格变动的影响,误差修正项对煤炭现货价格变动具有负向调节作用,而对煤炭期货价格变动具有正向调节作用。进一步的格兰杰因果检验发现煤炭现货是煤炭期货价格变动的格兰杰原因,而煤炭期货价格不是煤炭现货价格变动的格兰杰原因。     

我国煤炭行业利润增长及影响因素研究--去产能改革前后的对比分析

选择煤炭利润为研究对象,应用SVAR模型进行去产能改革前后对比实证研究,探究其与煤炭产能、煤炭供给、煤炭需求、煤炭价格及国际煤炭价格长期均衡关系与短期波动关系的变化。研究结果表明:改革前后煤炭利润与影响因素之间都存在着长期均衡关系,与改革前相比,改革后煤炭产能增长率对煤炭利润增长率有引导作用,但其他因素仍无引导作用,更无对称引导关系。改革后煤炭利润增长率被各项因素冲击的响应幅度增大,各项因素在煤炭利润增长的预测误差方差中的贡献度都有所增大,从而证明了去产能改革取得了一定成效,但还有继续深化推进的必要,并在此基础上提出了改革建议。     

基于CGE模型的煤炭价格上涨对我国宏观经济的影响

煤炭在我国能源结构中居于主体地位,煤炭价格的上涨会对我国的经济产生重要的影响,而煤炭价格已经完全市场化,电力价格仍然受政府管制,电价市场化将是我国全面深化改革的重要内容。论文利用CGE模型研究了两种情境下我国煤炭价格波动对我国宏观经济的影响,对不同的煤炭价格冲击进行情景模拟并进行了分析,结论表明两种情境下煤炭价格波动对宏观经济变量和21个产业影响是不同的,并据此提供一些政策建议。     

石油租金、煤炭租金和天然气租金——基于协整VAR模型的实证研究

本文采用1979年至2012年的年度数据,通过对石油租金、煤炭租金和天然气租金进行单位根检验、协整检验,得出石油租金、煤炭租金和天然气租金之间存在一个协整,表明三者之间存在长期的均衡关系;通过格兰杰因果检验,得出煤炭租金和天然气租金有单向的因果关系,石油租金和天然气租金有双向的因果关系;最后,运用分差分解得出煤炭租金、石油租金和天然气租金相互间波动的解释程度。     

中国经济增长、能源消费与城市化关系的实证研究

本文利用1978年至2011年的相关数据对能源消费和城市化与经济增长之间关系进行了实证研究.研究结论表明：我国能源消费、煤炭消费和城市化与经济增长之间存在着协整关系且具有长期均衡关系,能源消费总量和城市化与经济增长存在着正相关关系.短期内,城市化率和经济增长到煤炭消费存在单向Granger因果关系.城市化率和经济增长到能源消费存在单向Granger因果关系.长期内,城市化率和煤炭消费与能源消费总量之间存在单向Granger因果关系,能源消费、煤炭消费和城市化率与经济增长之间不存在双向Granger因果关系.从脉冲响应函数和方差分解结果可以看出,能源消费总量和城市化率对经济增长的影响保持持续上升态势,并且城市化对经济增长的作用远大于能源消费和煤炭消费对经济增长的作用.城市化对能源消费和煤炭消费的贡献率具有持续拉动作用,而相反能源消费和煤炭消费对城市化贡献率的影响不明显.最后,本文针对实证结果,提出了相关结论以及实现能源、经济和社会可持续发展的政策建议.     

煤炭价格波动及其对资源型区域经济发展的影响——基于山西省的实证研究

2008年的金融危机导致煤炭大省山西经济增长剧烈下滑,原因在于经济的周期性变化导致煤炭价格波动比一般产品强烈。本文对煤炭价格波动的原因从供求两方面进行了分析,煤炭供求的低价格弹性、经济周期、预期、替代品价格波动、以及成本等因素的影响导致煤炭价格的剧烈波动。在资源型区域,煤炭价格波动导致生产要素集中在煤炭产业,引发“反工业化”现象。基于山西的实证分析验证了煤炭价格的剧烈波动,近年来的数据也显示煤炭价格波动导致山西经济增长波动,并出现了“反工业化”现象,拉大了收入差距。     

中国为什么大量进口煤炭——中国煤炭进出口的发展变化及政策取向研究

作为世界上产量最大,煤炭品种齐全的第一产煤大国,为什么还要进口煤炭呢?尤其是在2009年,我国首次由煤炭净出口国转变为净进口国,文章介绍了中国煤炭进出口的变化历程,并详细分析了中国煤炭进出口变化的原因和影响以及我国煤炭贸易的发展趋势及政策取向。     

The impact of coal price fluctuations on China’s economic output

Due to the important role of coal in China’s macroeconomic growth, the price of coal significantly influences its economic output. Employing a VAR model, a cointegration test and a state-space model of time-varying variables, this article analyses the influence of coal price fluctuations on the volume and structure of China’s economic output, including both the strength and the time delay of such influence. This article further explores the corresponding relationships between coal price fluctuations and variations in the effects of these fluctuations to analyse the asymmetric influence of coal price fluctuations on China’s macroeconomy. Coal price fluctuations exerted significant long-term positive effects and short-term negative effects on China’s output variables, with an average delay of 11 months; they had positive effects on investment and consumption over the long term and an increasingly negative effect on imports and exports. The average delays were 9 months for investment, 6.5 months for consumption and 10 months for imports and exports. There was an asymmetric correlation between coal price fluctuations and the time-varying elasticity of their impact on GDP. The results in this study are consistent with the actual operating circumstances of the Chinese economy.     

A Partial Equilibrium Analysis of Trade with Decreasing Transport Costs

Decreasing transport costs are incorporated in the standard partial equilibrium analysis of trade by allowing the divergence—introduced by transport costs—between export and import price to decrease with the volume of trade. When the excess demand (supply) curve is steeper than the long run average cost curve for imports (exports), we observe that an import (export) tariff raises (lowers) the domestic price by an amount exceeding the tariff. Further, when the excess demand (Supply) curve is less steep than the long run average cost curve for imports (exports), the possibility exists that an import (export) tariff may lower (raise) the domestic price. These results lead to the important conclusion that tariffs cannot be used as measures of nominal protection across industries. [F10]     

The prosumers and the grid

Prosumers are households that are both producers and consumers of electricity. A prosumer has a grid-connected decentralized production unit and makes two types of exchanges with the grid: energy imports when the local production is insufficient to match the local consumption and energy exports when local production exceeds it. There exists two systems to measure the exchanges: a net metering system that uses a single meter to measure the balance between exports and imports and a net purchasing system that uses two meters to measure separately power exports and imports. Both systems are currently used for residential consumption. We build a model to compare the two metering systems. Under net metering, the price of exports paid to prosumers is implicitly set at the price of the electricity that they import. We show that net metering leads to (1) too many prosumers, (2) a decrease in the bills of prosumers, compensated via a higher bill for traditional consumers, and (3) a lack of incentives to synchronize local production and consumption.     

EXCHANGE RATE PROBLEMS IN NATIONAL ACCOUNTING OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES*

Developing countries which typically have import surpluses and inflationary pressures because of insufficient savings are prone to use indirect taxes on imports (Tm) and subsidization of exports (Sx) in order to prevent deterioration of the balance of trade. If these substitutes for devaluation are included in the net indirect tax component of product at current market prices (Ym) the import surplus is likely to be understated, and Ym upward biased. This distortion will be avoided if imports and exports are measured at effective exchange rates (ER), that is, at official rates (OR) plus Tm and Sx respectively, and if (Tm - Sx) is deducted from the net indirect tax component of Ym. Only in this manner become imports and exports consistent with the other uses and resources at market prices and can be articulated with them. At base-year prices the volume index of product at OR diverges from that of ER to the degree that the composition of imports and exports in regard to tax and subsidy rates computed ad valorem significantly changes. Such a case is similar to that of the price indexes of imports and exports moving in diverging proportions: the trade balance at base-year prices will differ from that at current prices. The resulting discrepancies in national accounts have led to proposals of deflating, for example, exports by the price index of imports. Suchlike approaches are incompatible with the principle of national accounting that prices are supposed already to measure substitution values. Deflating exports by import prices means reintroducing substitution values, as does, for example, deflation of incomes by a consumer price index. Correspondingly, since the trade balance at ER conceptually expresses the value of imports at domestic market prices as compared to the corresponding domestic market value of exports, and if at ER the trade balance diverges from that at OR, the former balance has an important meaning (as has the trade balance at base-year prices as compared to that at current prices) and the resulting discrepancy between the two measures should not be removed merely for the sake of accounting smoothness. In contrast to the market price approach, the measurement of product at base-year factor cost is indifferent to the measurement of the trade balance at ER and at OR. It is, therefore, proposed in countries in which part of import taxation and export subsidization substitutes for devaluation, to record imports and exports in the national accounts at effective exchange rates, and to correct the net indirect tax component of product correspondingly. Imports and exports at official exchange rates should be shown within the balance of payments, and the latter separately as a memorandum item.     

台湾直接投资祖国大陆对海峡两岸贸易的影响

20世纪80年代末期以来,台湾对大陆的直接投资与两岸贸易均取得长足发展。本文运用协整方法和误差修正模型,考察了1989—2009年台湾对大陆直接投资与两岸进出口贸易之间的长期均衡关系以及相应的短期偏离调整机制。结果表明台湾对大陆直接投资与两岸贸易存在长期均衡关系。在短期内台湾对大陆直接投资与大陆对台湾出口的关系由短期偏离向长期均衡调整的速度较快,而台湾对大陆直接投资与大陆自台湾进口的关系由短期偏离向长期均衡调整的速度则极为缓慢。     

内陆开放地区对外贸易、资本投资与就业分析——以重庆市为例

根据重庆市1987-2009年的统计数据,利用协整理论和向量误差修正模型(VECM),对重庆市对外贸易、资本投资与就业的关系进行实证分析,结果表明:从长期来看,重庆市进出口与就业之间存在唯一的协整关系;出口对就业具有拉动作用,而进口对就业有阻碍作用,并且出口对就业的促进作用小于进口对就业的抑制作用;而资本投入在一定程度上对劳动力产生了替代性.重庆市应通过协调产业发展、打造对外贸易新平台、均衡资本在区域、行业间的投入促进就业.     

An econometric analysis of freight rate disparities in US liner trades

This paper tests an economic rationale for freight rate discrimination in US liner shipping. Rate disparities are explained in terms of differences in the price elasticities of demand for imports and exports. Higher freight rates for US exports reflect the fact that exports are less price elastic than imports.     

Measuring the effectiveness of cost and price competitiveness in external rebalancing of euro area countries: What do alternative HCIs tell us?

This study examines the marginal effects of traditional determinants of exports and imports with a focus on the role of price competitiveness in restoring external balances in the euro area. It is a first attempt to compare marginal effects of various harmonised competitiveness indicators (HCIs) on both exports and imports of both goods and services across individual euro area countries. We find evidence that HCIs based on broader cost and price measures have a larger marginal effect (with some exceptions) on exports of goods. Exports of services are sensitive to HCIs in big euro area countries and Slovakia, where exports of services are also found more sensitive to competitiveness indicators based on broader price measures. Imports of goods and imports of services are quite insensitive to changes in relative prices. Finally, in some cases measures of fit indicate that a large unexplained residual part is present, implying that other non-price related factors might play an important role in driving foreign trade and policies aimed at enhancing the quality of goods traded are warranted.     

对中国国际贸易与FDI相互关系的重新检验

This paper studies the long-term relationship between FDI and imports and exports through evidence from China by using cointegration technology, and the Granger causality test shows that FDI had an obvious effect on imports and exports activities of foreign firms, and in the meantime, the imports and exports of foreign firms greatly promoted FDI. However, there is not a stable equilibrium between FDI and international trade in the long run for all firms in China. This paper provides some explanations for the possible reasons that cause the above difference in estimation results from the perspectives of both location and industry factors.