国外高技术产业人才政策：现状及启示

世界主要国家吸引高技术人才的政策，主要包括政策、收入分配政策、海外政策3个层次，即通过制定高科技发展战略和高技术产业政策营造良好软环境。通过收入分配向高科技产业倾斜，通过鼓励留学和高层次人才的直接引进，来吸引世界各地的优秀高技术产业人才，鉴于国外吸引高技术人才的先进经验，针对我国具体国情，需要加强对高技术产业人才的管理与支持，加快对人才市场硬件和软环境的建设，从而促进我国高技术产业人才的引进和发展。     

埃及促进高技术产业发展的措施

埃及政府已明确地意识到高科技产业是事关埃及未来前途的战略性产业。建立高技术产业，不仅本身可以创造“高附加值”的产品，还能为传统产业提供技术支持，促进其它产业的技术进步，从而促进经济的发展。从1987年开始，埃及政府采取了一系列措施，将高技术发展纳入国家科技发展计划，加强对高技术的研究和开发，促进了高技术产业的发展。建立高技术产业研究开发基地1埃及高技术产业开发计划内阁决策中心提出了建立“金字塔技术谷”的计划。1993年10月，又提出了比“金字塔技术谷”内容更广泛的“技术发展计划”。技术谷计划建立一个“金字…     

德国发展高技术产业对我们的启示和思考

德国高技术产业作为带动德国经济增长的驱动力而迅速发展，那么，德国在发展高技术产业方面有哪些成功的经验和做法值得我们借鉴和思考呢？培养高素质的复合型人才培养高素质的人才是高科技实现产业化的关键。我们知道，高科技产业的显著特点之一是高风险，这里面包括了技术风险，也包括了市场风险。因此，实现高技术产业化应注重的第一要素是创业者的素质，尤其是创业者的技术水平、管理能力和协调能力。德国联邦教研部1997年12月启动了一项从高校培养高技术创业者的竞赛活动。旨在从大学生、研究生、博士生、科学家中发掘和培养思想观念新…     

中山火炬高技术产业开发区推进产权制度改革

中山火炬高技术产业开发区成立于1990年3月,是经国务院批准的首批国家级高技术产业开发区。1992年被国家科委、国家体改委确立为进行综合体制改革试验区。1993年被国家科委评定为全国先进高新技术产业开发区。在这3年多发展中,中山高科技产业开发区在国家、省市有关部门的领导下,高举火炬旗帜,锐意改革,大胆创新,进行了股份制改造试点,率先在全国各开发区中进行了建立现代     

高技术企业国际化经营的战略选择

高技术企业国际化经营的战略选择寇作鹏（北京新技术产业开发区工委宣传部副部长）－、挑战与机遇（一）９０年代世界高技术市场前景广阔当前，发展高科技术产业已成为各国的基本国策。美、日、西欧等各类高技术研究发展计划的相继推出，标志着世界新技术革命已进入了一个...     

当代高技术开发的特征及其意义

第二次世界大战后,新的科技革命带动了一系列高技术的涌现,在市场巨大需求的推动下,高科技成果产业化和商品化的进程大大加快,高技术成果被广泛地运用于传统产业的改造。从面向21世纪发展的需求出发,世界高技术正处在新的突破前夜,其对人类社会的影响将更加深远。那么,“高技术”是指什么呢?它具有什么样的特征和意义     

跨国公司对人力资本聚集的影响

跨国公司对发展中国家高科技产业的直接投资 ,引起了技术溢出的效应 ,推动了高科技集群的形成和人力资本聚集。文章从技术溢出和高技术集群的角度分析了跨国公司对人力资本聚焦的影响。     

高技术产业发展的国际经验比较及其启示

知识经济时代，高技术产业发展风起云涌，发达国家和一些发展中国家都制定了一系列发展战略计划以及优惠政策和措施，大力推动高技术产业的发展，以占邻21世纪高技术的战略制高点，中国作为一个发展中大国，要想提高自己的综合国力和国际竞争力，必须在高技术领域占有一席之地。因此，借鉴国际经验，确定我国高技术产业发展重点，加大研发投入，提高自主创新能力，营造良好的高技术产业发展环境，扶持中小高技术产业的发展，培养和造就一大批高素质人才，以加快我国高技术产业的发展，带动经济的快速增长。     

国外高新技术产业与产业结构高度化的发展趋势及启示

当今一些市场经济发达的国家,特别是美国、西欧、日本等,把发展高技术、实现产业结构高度化纳入本国21世纪发展战略核心。加速推动高技术和产业高度化的发展趋势业已在全球展开,21世纪将是高技术世纪。一、高新技术产业与发达国家产业科技进步的基本特点与发展趋势1、大力发展高技术和高技术产业美国,1993年提出了耗资高达1万亿美元巨款,几乎包括所有高科技领域的"星球大战"计划,企图通过军事、经济、科学技术方面对宇宙空间的综合开发利用,以保证其21世纪政治与经济在全球的支配地位。"星球大战"计划所引发的经济和科学技术方     

国外高技术产业人才改策:现状及启示

世界主要国家吸引高技术人才的政策,主要包括环境政策、收入分配政策、海外政策3个层次,即通过制定高科技发展战略和高技术产业政策营造良好软环境,通过收入分配向高科技产业倾斜,通过鼓励留学和高层次人才的直接引进,来吸引世界各地的优秀高技术产业人才.鉴于国外吸引高技术人才的先进经验,针对我国具体国情,需要加强对高技术产业人才的管理与支持,加快对人才市场硬件和软环境的建设,从而促进我国高技术产业人才的引进和发展.     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.     

Duplication, Growth and ‘Total Return Economics’

Maintenance consumption is an expense recovered in product prices, yet also a source of taste satisfaction which must be exhausted, rather than reinvested, from the capital affording it. This riddle is solved in the duplication rules: the cost of maintenance consumption is recovered in pay and prices, but an equal flow is exhausted from the human capital of the worker earning the pay. The rules impact tradition in several ways. If output is defined in principle as value added, then it cannot also be described as consumption plus net investment without double-counting the maintenance consumption recovered in prices. Also rate of return in the stationary state is not zero, but is the rate sufficient to offset the exhaustion of individual human capital. The rules lead to new insights into economic return, and support an argument that all growth at the scale of closure is due to productivity gain rather than to thrift.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Simulating the Effect of Regulatory Systems in a Fishery, An Application to the French Driftnet Albacore Fleet

With a thin economic component, most bio-economic models of fisheries failto assess the effects of the regulation systems on firms. In order to analysethe short term consequences of different management schemes, a simulationmodel is applied to the French driftnet albacore fleet: licence allocation withdriftnet regulation, individual quotas, and individual transferable quotaswithout any input control. Vessel technology is estimated by using the datacollected, and groups of vessels are distinguished according to criteria ofperformance. We present the adjustment within firms and between groupsunder different scenarios (limited entry with and without driftnetregulation, individual quotas and individual transferable quotas allocation),and we compare their results in terms of quasi-rent value and otherindicators such as hake harvests or dolphin by-catches.     

Knowledge as a Path-Dependence Process

By following a new approach proposed by Cognitive and Neuroeconomics, this paper presents and extends that part of Hayek's theory concerning knowledge in path-dependent terms, and shows that this is a fertile theory, opening new lines of inquiry for contemporary economics. In his theory of knowledge Hayek shows that the dynamics of economic change is path-dependent, in a different and more profound way than in the rest of the path-dependent literature. This literature deals with an important controversy, which will be also discussed and its specific and original meaning will be highlighted. As it will emerge, knowledge as a path-dependent process is consistent with cognitive theories of perception and learning and it plays a more important role than is traditionally assumed. Path-dependence is in fact always present in the cognitive dimension of perception and in individual decision-making processes, as well as in the processes of organizational innovation, and even in the macro-dimension of institutional change. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.