货币政策的产出效应与金融开放度——中国的模拟实证分析

本文通过构建包含金融交易成本的货币政策产出效应模型,研究金融开放度对货币政策有效性的作用。然后,根据中国的实际经济情况,运用校准法模拟金融开放程度对我国货币政策产出效应的影响。最后,利用面板数据进行实证分析,认为金融开放度的增加短期内将削弱货币政策对产出的影响,但从长期来看,金融开放度的提高将对长期产出调整起积极作用。     

开放经济下货币政策的有效性研究

运用AS-IS-LM(即总供给、IS-LM)模型对经济开放度和货币政策效果之间的关系进行的理论分析研究表明，在开放经济条件下，货币政策的产出效应和价格效应在短期内是存在的；但货币政策对产出的影响能力随经济开放度的提高而减弱，对价格的影响能力随经济开放度的提高而增强。随着我国经济开放度的提高，货币政策的经济增长效应会不断弱化，引起的价格波动会有所增强，因此货币政策的目标应该进一步明确以稳定物价作为单一的目标。     

经济开放度与货币政策有效性的实证分析

通过运用Karras建立的产出增长率和通货膨胀模型,采用向量自回归VAR框架,分析经济开放度对我国货币政策效果的影响。回归结果表明,无论是以M0作为货币政策的测度指标,还是以M1作为货币政策的测度指标,它们都反映出:在长期,经济开放度的提高会削弱货币政策的有效性;但从短期来看,经济开放度的提高不一定会削弱货币政策的有效性,有时反而会提高货币政策的有效性。     

货币政策与贸易不平衡的调整

本文建立了一个开放小国随机动态一般均衡模型,研究不同的货币政策和汇率政策对调整贸易不平衡的作用,同时考虑了资本开放与否对不同政策效果的影响。分析发现,由于名义粘性的作用,无论资本开放与否,调整价格都无法快速实现贸易平衡,并会引起产出和物价的较大波动。而较快的汇率调整政策会较快实现贸易平衡,且无论资本开放与否,都不会引起经济波动。从福利角度比较,较快的汇率调整总是优于价格调整,且在资本开放环境下的调整总是优于资本封闭下的调整。通过中国数据校准和模拟发现,在渐进调整汇率的政策下,价格水平被迫作出调整可能是带来2005年人民币汇率改革之后经济波动的原因。     

汇率制度选择:基于随机效应多元排序probit模型的分析

选用13个影响汇率制度选择的典型变量,采用随机效应多元排序选择模型对147个国家的汇率制度选择进行分析,发现经济发展水平、美元化程度、货币错配程度越高,实际资本开放程度越大,政府越强,具有高经济增长和长期通货膨胀历史的国家有较高采用相对固定汇率制度的概率;而经济规模、贸易开放度越大以及外债债务比率越高将会促使一国选择灵活性较高的汇率制度。     

浅析中国资本账户开放度

资本账户的开放度是在一定时期内资本流动对一国经济影响程度的估计。测评资本账户的开放度具有十分重要的意义,会对经济增长、国内投资规模、金融市场发展程度和国内货币、财政政策产生巨大的长期和短期影响。资本的流动程度对稳定政策的短期效果具有至关重要的影响,扩张的财政政策在多大程度上挤出私人投资,货币政策影响总需求的程度如何,都与一国的资本的流动程度有关。一、资本账户开放度测度的研究现状(一)基于文本的状态性表述测度方法1.IM F衡量。Cottarelli和Giannini根据IM F出版的《汇率安排和外汇管制(年度报告)》中关于各国…     

经济开放度与货币政策有效性:微观基础与实证分析

长期以来,关于经济开放度和货币政策有效性之间关系的研究,不仅缺乏微观基础,而且实证结果也充满争论。本文通过构建开放条件下的新凯恩斯宏观经济模型,为考察经济开放度和货币政策有效性之间的动态关系提供了一个基于一般均衡框架的微观基础,并通过模拟分析得出了货币政策有效性随经济开放度提高而下降的基本结论。基于中国1992—2012年季度数据的实证分析表明:随着经济开放程度的提高,中央银行利率变动所引致的产出效应和价格效应均出现了明显下降。这一结论不仅为模拟分析结论提供了实证支持,同时在不同的模型设定和估计方法下均是稳健的。     

支付时滞、汇率传递与宏观经济波动

本文在基准当地货币定价(LCP)模型的基础上引入支付时滞建立小国开放经济DSGE模型,研究支付时滞对汇率传递及经济波动的影响。结果表明引入支付时滞后,汇率不仅通过基准LCP模型下实际边际成本和汇率失调影响产品价格,还会通过汇率预期和利率影响产品价格,这使得支付时滞会加剧国内通胀和经济波动,降低货币政策效果,增加货币政策调控难度。同时,引入支付时滞的LCP模型减小了汇率传递程度,提高了LCP模型对汇率不完全传递的解释能力。     

中国的“三元悖论”政策目标组合选择及其影响

本文构建了"三元悖论"政策目标指数,并探讨了中国的宏观经济管理策略对经济稳定性的影响。研究发现,中国以汇率高度稳定作为首要目标,并追求适度的货币政策独立性,而谨慎追求金融开放,并积累了巨额外汇储备。这种策略的影响包括:(1)较高的货币政策独立性对降低产出波动率有积极作用,因持有外汇储备的间接影响使得汇率高度稳定政策也显著降低了产出波动率,金融开放同样也起到了降低产出波动率的作用;(2)积累巨额外汇储备与追求汇率高度稳定政策间的交互影响使得汇率稳定成为维持物价稳定的消极因素,货币政策独立性将降低国内通货膨胀波动率而积累过多的外汇储备却恶化这种影响,金融开放将增加物价波动性。文章凸显出过度追求人民币名义汇率稳定的弊端。     

中国货币政策有效性分析——基于IS-LM-BP模型的实证分析

货币政策的有效性是一个重大的理论和实践问题.理论研究表明,货币政策在开放经济条件下应该比在封闭经济条件下更具效力.但是随着经济开放度的不断提高,我国的货币政策效果却不尽如人意.本文从导致我国货币政策低效率的最重要的汇率制度因素和资本流动因素入手.利用状态空间模型,动态的估计中国的IS-LM-BP模型,进而分析我国货币政策有效性问题.     

Trade Openness and Monetary Policy in Ghana

The study employed a Structural VAR model, using monthly time series data from 2002 to 2017 to assess the relationship between trade openness and effectiveness of monetary policy in Ghana. The empirical results revealed that as the degree of trade openness increases, monetary policy becomes more effective in reducing the rate of inflation. However, monetary policy is less effective to reduce the output gap. Therefore, the results suggest that monetary policy authorities must take into account the level of trade openness whenever they are formulating monetary policy.     

The Role of Openness in the Debate on Rules vs. Discretion: A Simple Exposition

In this paper, we examine to what extent the degree of openness matters for the conduct of monetary policy. Our findings suggest that the stabilising properties of nominal income and price level targeting often reported in the literature on monetary policy in closed economies do not carry over to an economy that imports an intermediate input. We also show that the inverse link between openness and average inflation reported by Romer (1993) obtains under discretion. Finally, we compare and contrast discretion to the various rule-based strategies of monetary policy using policy frontiers. In all but one comparison greater openness makes discretion more attractive relative to the rule-based strategies of monetary policy. Nevertheless, in light of empirical estimates for the size of the variances of demand and supply shocks, the case for rule-based monetary policy strategies cannot be dismissed. Rule-based strategies perform better against discretion in the face of supply disturbances rather than demand disturbances.     

Can trade openness affect the monetary transmission mechanism?

This paper explores how trade openness influences the monetary transmission mechanism. The theoretical analysis develops an open economy New Keynesian model that features one‐way offshoring from an advanced economy to a less developed one. The model suggests that greater openness to regular trade or to offshoring reduces the effect of monetary policy on domestic economies, although these two influences affect the monetary transmission mechanism via different channels. The empirical section estimates an interacted‐panel VAR model with U.S. industry data and confirms that greater exposure to regular trade or to offshoring significantly reduces the effect of monetary policy.     

货币政策传导地区差异:实证检验及政策含义

文章根据1997年1月至2004年8月的样本数据对货币政策传导的地区差异问题作实证研究,利用向量自回归(VAR)模型和冲击响应函数的计量分析手段,分别对全国层面、区域层面以及省级层面的货币政策传导效果进行估计和比较。结论表明,东部地区在货币政策传导速度和深度上都大大优于中西部地区,东部地区的绝大部分省市对货币政策表现出高度的敏感性,而中西部地区大部分省市的反应则相对迟钝,金融发展水平、企业规模和产权性质、开放程度的地区差异是导致货币政策传导存在地区差异的主要因素。     

基于资产价格影响的货币政策非对称性效应研究

利用NK-SVAR模型就我国货币政策的非对称性效应进行研究,结果表明,紧缩性货币政策的效果比较明显,而扩张性货币政策效果较弱.货币冲击的紧缩效应强于扩张效应,这表明抑制经济的过快增长时紧缩性的货币政策效果显著,但扩张性货币政策无法摆脱经济的恶性衰退.     

The international policy trilemma in the post-Bretton Woods era

The international macroeconomic policy trilemma suggests that despite the appeal of exchange rate stability, financial account openness and monetary sovereignty, these cannot be achieved simultaneously. Using elements of Euclidean geometry, this paper proposes a new method for testing the trilemma and finds considerable evidence in support of it. Further tests indicate that, on average, policy configurations are not on the trilemma constraint, i.e. there is a degree of ‘trilemma-ineffectiveness’, which is costly for real output growth and price inflation. It is shown that these costs are associated with limited exchange rate stability and financial account openness.     

我国货币政策区域效应的度量与成因分析

本文利用时变参数状态空间模型估计了1985—2007年我国(及主要区域)的动态货币政策乘数,从新的视角论证了货币政策区域效应的显著存在性。此外,还从供给视角对货币政策区域效应的成因做了新的解释。研究表明,经济开放度、劳动生产率对货币政策区域效应有显著的正向影响,而地方政府行为对货币政策区域效应有显著的负向影响,这说明地方政府干预经济过多反而会削弱货币政策效力。     

Openness and the Effectiveness of Monetary Policy: A Cross-country Analysis

Abstract

This paper evaluates the relationship between a country's openness to trade and the effectiveness of monetary policy in changing output growth and inflation in 29 different countries. Using quarterly data from the 1957–2003 period, empirical estimates based on individual country specifications show that the direction, significance and nature of the relationship between openness and the effectiveness of monetary policy on output growth as well as inflation vary considerably across countries.     

Optimal monetary policy for a small open economy

This paper focuses on the design of monetary policy rules for a small open economy. The model features optimizing behavior, general equilibrium and price stickiness. The real exchange rate is shown to affect the firm's real marginal cost, aggregate supply and aggregate demand. The welfare objective depends on the openness of the economy, and the optimal policy rule differs from that which obtains in a closed economy. The inflation versus output gap stabilization trade-off is caused by the real exchange rate. The implied optimal monetary policy regime is domestic inflation target coupled with controlled floating of the real exchange rate.