反倾销等贸易壁垒与中美双边贸易问题

文章经研究发现:(1)1995~2005年中国遭受的反倾销数量位居世界第一位,主要来源国是印度、美国和欧共体等;中国遭受的反倾销调查、最终措施指数分别为3.43和3.89,表示中国出口强烈地遭受到国外反倾销的影响。而同期美国遭受的反倾销强度指数小于1,表示美国出口较少受到他国反倾销的影响。(2)1995~2005年中国发起的反倾销调查、最终措施对称率均较低(0.26和0.20),而美国发起的对称率均较高(2.26和2·46)。并且,中国对美反倾销调查、最终措施对称率均较低(0.33和0.20)。基于反倾销对称性,入世后中国应加大反倾销应诉和起诉力度以抑制对华反倾销活动,并且应积极谋求WTO承认其市场经济地位。(3)1995~2005年美国对华发起的反倾销调查、最终措施指数分别为1.72和2.20,表示美国对华反倾销行动强烈地影响到美国从华进口。美国对华反倾销调查、最终措施对称率分别为3.05和5.00,表示美国对华反倾销强烈地影响到中美双边贸易。     

待售的美国对华反倾销税:基于“保护待售”模型的经验分析

以格罗斯曼和赫尔普曼的保护待售模型为理论框架,本文将美国对华反倾销税率同反倾销案件申诉者的政治捐资、申诉者所属行业的进口渗透率联系起来,考察后者对前者的影响作用。经验分析表明:在美国对华反倾销案件中,申诉者的政治势力越强,反倾销税率越高;税率与进口渗透率的关系取决于申诉者的政治组织状况,若申诉者在政治上有组织,则税率与进口渗透率负相关,若申诉者在政治上无组织,则税率与进口渗透率正相关。这样,本文在验证了保护待售模型的核心结论的同时,还从利益集团的政治捐资层面上揭示出美国对华反倾销税背后隐藏的驱动力量。     

反倾销中的社会公共利益问题研究

反倾销规则以保护进口国国内产业为根本出发点,文章分析了反倾销对进口商、相关产业的上下游产业、消费者、进口国整体福利的影响,认为在对受倾销损害的相关产业进行必要的保护的同时,还应该考虑社会公共利益.     

论美国对华反倾销的原因与应对策略

近年来,中美贸易发展迅速,而中美之间的贸易摩擦也频繁发生,美国已成为对华反倾销最多的国家之一。通过对美国对华反倾销现状的概述,从全球贸易环境、客观原因和主观原因三个层面分析总结美国对华反倾销的原因,探究了美国对华反倾销产生的不利影响,并有针对性地指出政府、企业和行业协会应采取的措施。     

反倾销保护对进口国的福利效应分析

传统的认为反倾销保护可以促进进口国福利提升和产业增进的观点并非当然正确,进口国试图通过反倾销措施来保护本国产业和福利并非当然可取.这既受反倾销保护的局部静态的福利影响,又受反倾销保护的一般动态的福利影响;既取决于进口产品的不同类型,又取决于进口国家的不同类型;既取决于进口国的国家宏观产业调整战略的选择,又取决于进口国的厂商微观交易成本的权衡.基于此,从进口国的角度看,发达的进口国家的最佳选择应该是自由贸易下的产业调整,而非反倾销贸易保护下的国家壁垒.     

美国对华反倾销原因的国内研究综述

改革开放以来，我国对外贸易有了迅猛发展然而，中国已成为美国反倾销调查的“头号目标”、本文主要对有关美国对华反倾销原因的国内研究进行文献综述首先介绍了有关倾销的概念及美国对华反倾销的概况，然后对近两年的文献资料从美国、中国两个角度分析了美国对华反倾销的原因，最后进行了总结。     

对华歧视性反倾销的历史背景及动因分析

对华反倾销是否存在歧视性,为什么存在歧视性,是我国对外贸易领域中的焦点问题。本文从对华反倾销的历史背景及其动因进行分析,并通过全球反倾销与对华反倾销的关联性进行对比认为,对华反倾销存在严重的歧视性。随着过渡期的结束,对华反倾销可能会减少,但对华反补贴和保障措施诉讼可能增加。只有积极调整对外贸易战略,最大限度消除对华反倾销、反补贴和保障措施的困扰,减少技术性贸易壁垒和绿色贸易壁垒的阻碍,才能保障对外贸易渠道的畅通。     

中国应对美国反倾销案的策略选择

中国近年来日益受到美国反倾销的困扰,美国对华反倾销的焦点问题主要是:中国的非市场经济地位、市场导向产业、进口是否存在紧急情况、统一税率和分别税率、替代国的选取等。针对这些问题,中国企业在应诉美国反倾销案时,首先要有积极全面应诉、据理抗辩的态度,坚定长期博弈和赢取最优结果的信念,还要建立应诉工作小组,选聘有足够经验和能力的律师,等等。     

美国对华反倾销中“非市场经济国家问题”探析

美国对华反倾销对中国出口企业和出口贸易造成巨大的损害 ,其根本原因在于美国反倾销法律中的非市场经济国家问题与替代国价格制度。通过透视WTO《反倾销协议》和美国反倾销法律有关非市场经济国家问题 ,分析美国对华反倾销中替代国制度的本质 ,并提出针对美国替代国制度的有关对策建议。     

美国对华蜂蜜反倾销效应分析

从1994年到现在长达15年的时间中中国蜂蜜出口一直面临美国的反倾销,美国对华蜂蜜反倾销成为中国农产品出口遭反倾销的典型案例。通过实证研究发现,中国蜂蜜的出口存在一个全球统一的市场,因此美国对华蜂蜜的反倾销对中国输美蜂蜜的出口价格没有显著的影响,但是反倾销导致中国蜂蜜出口美国的市场份额减少,而市场份额的减少又导致我国输美蜂蜜的出口收入出现减少的情况。该研究使我们能从定量的角度更清楚地识别美国对华蜂蜜反倾销在哪些方面给中国造成影响,以及影响有多大,从而能为后续的有关贸易救济措施的研究提供指导。     

反倾销措施对产业的关联影响——反倾销税价格效应的投入产出分析

WTO反倾销协议允许成员国在倾销造成国内产业实质性损害或产生实质性损害威胁时采取反倾销措施。反倾销措施的实施在保护国内受损害产业的同时 ,会损害下游产业和消费者的利益。本文以化工行业为例 ,利用中国投入产出表定量分析反倾销税价格效应对国民经济各产业部门的关联影响。我国对外反倾销涉案产品大多是中间产品 ,因此在反倾销措施执行中应当全面考虑包括下游产业利益在内的公共利益问题。     

Preferential Trade Liberalization Under Cournot Competition

Suppose a country imports a homogeneous good from n foreign countries/producers and wants to eliminate tariffs on imports from m < n of them. If foreign producers differ in their marginal costs, which ones will be among the m that are granted free trade? This paper shows, among other things, that under constant marginal cost and fairly general assumptions about demand it will be the least efficient producers.     

Estimating the import demand function for China

This paper estimates the import demand elasticity for China using three fully efficient cointegrating regressions and the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method. This paper is the first to accommodate the perception of global risk in an investigation of the information transmission mechanism between the relationship import demand and its determinants in China. The empirical results show that real imports are cointegrated with domestic economic activity, real effective exchange rate, and the perception of global risk. Domestic income is found to have a significantly positive effect on imports. Contrary to theory, the real effective exchange rate carries negative coefficients, which suggests that a decrease in external competitiveness (appreciation) will decrease the level of imports in the case of China. One of the reasons for this may be the tied anti-dumping duty on some import items. Since the perception of global risk adversely affects China's aggregated imports, policy-makers should consider the degree to which the perception of global risk affects the implementation of trade policies.     

Importing under trade policy uncertainty: Evidence from China

This paper empirically explores the adjustment of imports to reductions in trade policy uncertainty (TPU), taking into account that firms may face large sunk costs when purchasing foreign goods. We investigate how product-level Chinese imports react to tariff binding arising from China's accession to the WTO, by distinguishing both country-related and firm-related margins. Our main results suggest that a decline in TPU allows access to a greater variety of foreign goods, that are also associated with higher quality. At the same time, tariff binding leads more Chinese producers and trade intermediaries to start importing, thus allowing a greater number of firms and consumers to enjoy potential gains from imports. Finally, we document heterogeneous TPU effects across firms with different ownership, as well as across products with different end use, revealing interesting insights into the context of global value chains.     

On the spread and impact of anti-dumping

In this paper two key costs of AD protection are documented. First, once AD has been adopted, countries often have a difficult time restraining its use. In recent years \'new' users have accounted for half of the overall world total. Many of the heaviest AD users are countries who did not even have an AD statute a decade ago. Second, I will show that that, on average, AD duties cause the value of imports to fall by 30–50 per cent. I find that trade falls by almost as much for settled cases as for those that result in duties. I also find that, even for those cases that are rejected, imports fall. JEL Classification: F13
A propos de la généralisation et de l'impact des mesures anti-dumping. Ce mémoire souligne deux coûts importants des mesures de protection anti-dumping (AD). D'abord, une fois la mesure en place, les pays ont souvent de grandes difficultés à en restreindre l'usage. Au cours des années récentes, les "nouveaux" utilisateurs de ces mesures comptent pour la moitié de l'activité AD dans le monde. Et plusieurs des pays qui en font un usage intensif n'avaient pas de loi AD il y a une décennie. Ensuite, en moyenne, les droits de douane AD entraînent une chute des importations de l'ordre de 30%à 50%. Et le commerce chute de presque autant pour les cas où il y a résolution du problème que pour ceux où un tarif de rétorsion est imposé. Fait intéressant, il appert que les importations chutent même dans les cas où la plainte est rejetée.     

基于反倾销应诉的企业内部控制研究

一直以来,我国出口企业遭遇反倾销调查呈愈演愈烈之势,而我国企业普遍存在“应诉率”“胜诉率”双低和最终裁定的反倾销税率较高的问题。企业出现“两低”、“一高”的主要原因在于内部控制制度不健全,缺乏良好的内部控制环境,风险意识淡薄,控制程序和内部监督不到位,不能有效实施信息沟通。因此,从反倾销应诉的视角研究企业内部控制,加强内部控制建设,提高会计信息质量,是提高出口企业反倾销诉讼的应诉率和胜诉率的根本途径。     

经济全球化条件下的中国国家经济安全

2007年8月爆发的美国次级抵押贷款市场危机不断波及到世界每一个角落,在经济全球化的条件下,处在世界经济链条上的各个国家都难以独善其身。如何在经济全球化背景下增强自身的抗击力、确保国家经济安全,是我们必须正视的重要课题,其研究具有很强的理论意义和现实意义。     

Exchange rate pass-through in Canadian manufacturing: its direct and indirect components

Changes in the exchange rate have direct and indirect effects on the prices of domestically produced goods and imports in the domestic market. The direct effects originate with the impact of the exchange rate on the marginal cost of imports; the indirect effects, with its impact on the price of materials used by domestic producers and hence on their marginal costs. Direct and indirect exchange rate pass-through elasticities are estimated for 37 Canadian manufacturing industries and their determinants are examined in a cross-section analysis. It is found that the direct and indirect elasticities are approximately equal in size for domestic goods, while the direct effect is dominant for imports. For a small number of industries, the net result of the direct and indirect effects is that a depreciation of the domestic currency increases the competitiveness of imports, contrary to conventional analysis. Important determinants of the direct (indirect) elasticities are the import share and non-tariff barriers (the responsiveness of domestic costs to changes in the exchange rate, and concentration).     

谈中国石油进口定价权缺失及对策建议

随着中国经济的迅速发展,石油进口量不断攀升,而中国在国际石油市场上微乎其微的价格话语权与自身石油大买家的地位极不相称。石油进口不可避免地面临着国际石油市场价格动荡局面下的价格风险以及相对进口价格较高的被动局面。什么原因导致了中国石油进口价格的困境,如何解决这一问题成为中国石油进口面临的一个重要课题。针对国内石油市场现状,从石油进口成本出发,分析了中国石油进口定价权缺失的原因,并探讨了相应对策。     

Trade and Rural-Urban Income Inequality: Evidence from China

Using the provincial panel data from 1978 to 2007, this paper makes an empirical analysis of the relationship between international trade and rural-urban income inequality in China. The results show that international trade has a fundamental impact on rural-urban income inequality. For the whole country, the development of international trade from 1978 to 2007 enlarged the rural-urban income gap. During the three different periods (defined in section 3.3), the impact was also noticeable in terms of extent, direction and significance respectively at the national and regional levels. During the three periods, the relationship has an inverted “U” shape for China as a whole, central China and western China, but for eastern China the relationship has a “U” shape. At the same time, exports and imports have different influences on the rural-urban income gap in China, the influences were also different across regions; and the imports has had a more significant influence on these regions than exports has had.