排污权交易的期权模型分析

排污权交易旨在利用市场机制达到治理成本和效率的优化,是治理环境的一个有效措施.本文尝试利用实物期权理论,将排污权交易视为一种旨在获取利润的投资行为,通过分析在考虑有竞争者不断进入的情况下的排污权期权价值评估模型.利用排污权期权价值的最大化去寻找最佳的排污权购买时机.     

基于供应商管理库存信用风险的供应链违约风险控制

受宏观经济因素的影响,市场风险和违约风险是密切相关的。而VMI作为一种在供应链相邻两级,其成功运作最重要的一个关键点,便是建立信用风险度量,以销售商违约为例,利用信用违约互换模型规避供应链违约风险,供应商和销售商更易达成交易。     

实物期权理论在企业投资中的应用

本文在研究国内外文献的基础上，引入实物期权理论，分析了当前房地产企业投资现状及风险，提出投资风险和投资收益测度模型，通过碧桂园公司案例进行实践分析，为实物期权理论在企业投资中的应用奠定基础。     

不确定性情况下的投资决策理论：期权的观点

本文从分析不确定性情况下投资决策的风险性、不可逆性、难预测性和时间性的四个特点入手,指出了传统的NPV方法在处理这类投资决策问题时存在的缺陷,强调了投资决策在不确定性情况下具有金融期权的特征,并利用金融期权定价理论的方法进行实例分析,但是由于实物资产投资本身的相对复杂性,金融期权理论应用于实物资产投资的研究也正处在起步阶段,因此,本文着重强调不确定性情况下投资者在处理投资决策问题时应建立期权的观点。     

投资成本与收益不对称条件下的企业并购决策——基于博弈论与实物期权模型的分析

本文构建了一个在投资成本与收益不对称的情况下基于增长型实物期权的企业并购两阶段博弈模型。该模型使用二叉树期权定价方法确定企业并购中产生的增长型实物期权的价值,考虑了并购各阶段的投入成本、投资收益、风险中性概率、无风险收益率以及企业并购时产生的相互影响效应等因素,分析了成本占优或收益占优的两企业间在公司并购中的行为模式,得到了两企业项目并购成功所对应的临界收益和临界成本以及与上述因素之间的关系。     

R&D项目投资决策的实物期权分析法简评

实物期权是期权理论在公司财务管理实务中的创新应用。针对于传统的NPV方法在R&D项目投资决策中忽视了投资的不可逆性、可延迟性等特性,实物期权理论充分地考虑了管理者进行R&D投资决策时拥有灵活的选择权,并将该种选择权量化,从而证明该选择权是具有价值的。文章在分析传统投资决策分析方法的缺点基础上,运用实物期权理论构建一个更加有效R&D项目投资决策体系,并通过实例,分析在未来环境不确定的情况下,如何决定是否投资于该项目。     

发电商投资决策研究

文章首先通过实物期权方法建立了反映电价和燃料价格变化对火电项目投资决策影响的投资期权模型,模型同时考虑了原有项目的运营和火电项目寿命具有一定的分布规律;然后,利用博弈论分析了在完全信息情况下发电商投资行为,以及在不完全信息情况下建立了发电商的投资期权模型。结果表明发电商具有提前实施投资期权的倾向。得出对竞争对手投资可能性大小的估计是发电商制定自身最优投资战略的关键。     

风险追逐条件下基于补偿策略及回购契约的供应链协调

供应链风险偏好问题是当前的研究热点,以往学者在研究供应链协调策略时多考虑供应链成员是风险中性的情形,较少考虑当供应链成员为风险追逐或风险厌恶的情形。本文在总结前人研究结果的基础上建立了由一个供应商和一个零售商组成的供应链模型,双方构成了一个Stackelberg主从博弈模型,供应商为领导者,零售商为追随者。并假设该供应链模型在随机市场需求条件下,采用供应链补偿策略及回购契约进行协调。在此基础上,本文研究了当供应链有一方是风险追逐而另一方是风险中性条件下的供应链协调策略,并将结论与供应链双方均为风险中性条件下的协调策略进行了对比分析,分别得出了不同风险偏好组合备件下,供应商和零售商的最优协调策略。最后得出结论：无论供应链成员的风险偏好如何,当供应商将订货补偿策略与回购契约一起使用时,可以在保持回购价格不变的情况下达到供应链的协调。     

期权定价理论在多阶段投资评价中的应用

以多阶段投资项目作为分析对象,利用期权定价模型和决策树,对多阶段投资项目的价值进行评估,提出了一种新的投资评价方法,将项目评估、资本预算决策和投资者的风险预期纳入了期权评估法这一分析框架内,为投资评价问题提供了一种新视角。     

私募股权分阶段投资决策运用研究

由于风险因素的存在,私募股权投资过程是非静态的,在不同的投资阶段面临着不同的投资环境,因此对投资进行动态调整就显得尤为重要.投资者可以通过契约中事先约定的一系列权利使得投资项目朝着对自身有利的方向发展,而这些权利类似期权,本文将机制设计理论和期权理论结合起来考虑,将实物期权的思想纳入私募股权分阶段投资决策中,结果表明,分阶段投资既能让投资者保留对项目继续投资的权利,还能规避由于信息不对称引发的投资风险.     

皖江城市带铜池一体化发展战略研究

铜池一体化发展有助于两市的优势集成、协同共赢。目前，铜池一体化发展总体上处于起步阶段。文章基于铜池两市基本市情的比较和对铜池一体化发展战略实施历程的基本评价，对铜池一体化发展战略的路径选择问题提出了修正性意见，针对进一步推进铜池一体化发展问题给出了相应的政策建议。     

Investment options and the business cycle

This paper extends [R. Mehra, E.C. Prescott, Recursive competitive equilibrium: The case of homogeneous households, Econometrica 48 (1980) 1365-1380] to a production economy with two capital goods. It is an RBC model in which each unit of investment requires a new idea, an ‘option.’ When options are scarce, new capital is harder to put in place and the value of old capital rises. Thus the stock market and Tobin's Q are negative indexes of intangibles. During a boom, Q rises gradually, as options are used up. Because investment represents an exercise of options, it has an intertemporal substitution tradeoff that is absent from the adjustment-cost model. Equilibrium may be efficient even without markets for knowledge; the stock market may suffice.     

The effects of abandonment options on operating leverage and forward hedging

This paper examines the behavior of the competitive firm under output price uncertainty when the firm is endowed with an abandonment option and has access to a forward market for its output. When the realized output price is less than its marginal cost, the firm optimally exercises its abandonment option and ceases production. The firm lets its abandonment option extinguish, thereby producing up to its capacity, only when the realized output price exceeds its marginal cost. The ex post exercising of the abandonment option as such convexifies the firm's ex ante profit with respect to the random output price. We show that neither the separation theorem nor the full-hedging theorem holds in the presence of the abandonment option. The firm under-hedges its output price risk exposure in the forward market wherein the forward price contains a nonpositive risk premium. When the set of hedging instruments is expanded to include options, we show that both the separation and full-hedging theorems are restored. We further show that the firm prefers options to forwards for hedging purposes when both types of contracts are fairly priced.     

A NOTE ON MARKET COVERAGE IN VERTICAL DIFFERENTIATION MODELS WITH FIXED COSTS

With fixed costs of quality improvement, we find that a covered market outcome with an interior solution in the price stage is not a Nash equilibrium. When the degree of consumer heterogeneity is high (low) enough, an uncovered market outcome (a covered market outcome with a corner solution in the price stage) is the only Nash equilibrium. When the degree of consumer heterogeneity is moderate, both of the two market outcomes are Nash equilibria, but an uncovered market outcome yields higher social welfare than a covered market outcome with a corner solution in the price stage.     

Outside versus inside bonds: A Modigliani–Miller type result for liquidity constrained economies

When agents are liquidity constrained, two options exist – sell assets or borrow. We compare the allocations arising in two economies: in one, agents can sell government (outside) bonds and in the other they can borrow by issuing (inside) bonds. All transactions are voluntary, implying no taxation or forced redemption of private debt. We show that any allocation in the economy with inside bonds can be replicated in the economy with outside bonds but that the converse is not true. However, the optimal policy in each economy makes the allocations equivalent.     

Making Good Decisions with Minimal Information: Simultaneous and Sequential Choice

The adaptive pressures facing humans and other animals to make decisions quickly can be met both by increasing internal information-processing speed and by minimizing the amount of information to be used. Here we focus on the latter effect and ask how, and how well, agents can make good decisions with a minimal amount of information, using two specific tasks as examples. When a choice must be made between simultaneously-available options, minimal information in the form of binary recognition (whether or not each item is recognized) can be used in the recognition heuristic to choose effectively. When options are encountered sequentially one at a time, minimal information as to whether or not each option is the best encountered so far is sufficient to guide agents using a simple search-cutoff rule to high performance along several choice criteria. Both of these examples have important economic as well as biological applications, and show the power of simple fast and frugal heuristics to produce good decisions with little information. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Foreign direct investment and the correlation between cost and revenue

This paper studies irreversible investment in the presence of uncertain revenue and uncertain cost of production. Using methodology of real options, we find the threshold markup of price over cost that triggers investment. When the processes for revenue and cost are negatively correlated, the standard result that uncertainty delays investment always holds. However, when these two processes are positively correlated, greater uncertainty of revenue or cost might accelerate investment. As less correlated cost and revenue, vertical FDI is less desirable than producing at home, but horizontal FDI that brings production to the output market is an advantage.     

水利项目投资中实物期权决策

传统方法净现值法(NPV)因自身局限性与水利项目特点,在水利项目投资决策的科学性与准确性受到质疑。本文通过两个实例说明,把实物期权方法引进水利项目决策中,能有效克服传统方法局限性,提高决策的科学性。最后对实物期权新思维在水利项目决策中的价值进行了总结。     

转移支付均等化条件分析——基于转移支付与地方经济增长的关系

文章运用近16年的转移支付数据验证了龚六堂2000年的观点,即中央政府对地方政府的转移支付率与地方经济增长率之间是"倒U型"的关系。并在此基础上进一步推导出地方经济增长和中央政府对地方政府的转移支付之间也存在着这样"倒U"关系。用这种关系解释两个问题:第一,转移支付对地方经济增长有部分正的刺激作用,无论是富裕地区还是贫穷地区,中央政府都应该对其地方政府给予转移支付,同时转移支付也不是越多越好,也应该有个量的限制,当地方政府的收益足够大时,转移支付对经济增长的刺激就不再那么明显,反而会抑制地方经济增长;第二,从新的角度分析转移支付均等化实现的条件,即富裕地区较贫穷地区较早的进入"倒U"曲线的边际收益递减阶段时,才可能实现均等化。     

HEDGING AND THE COMPETITIVE FIRM UNDER AMBIGUOUS PRICE AND BACKGROUND RISK

This paper examines the optimal production and hedging decisions of the competitive firm that possesses smooth ambiguity preferences and faces ambiguous price and background risk. The separation theorem holds in that the firm's optimal output level depends neither on the firm's attitude towards ambiguity nor on the incident to the underlying ambiguity. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions under which the full‐hedging theorem holds and thus options are not used. When these conditions are violated, we show that the firm optimally uses options for hedging purposes if ambiguity is introduced to the price and background risk by means of mean‐preserving spreads. We as such show that options play a role as a hedging instrument over and above that of futures.