Technological convergence, R&D, trade and productivity growth

This paper analyses productivity growth in a panel of 14 United Kingdom manufacturing industries since 1970. Innovation and technology transfer provide two potential sources of productivity growth for a country behind the technological frontier. We examine the roles played by research and development (R&D), international trade, and human capital in stimulating each source of productivity growth. Technology transfer is statistically significant and quantitatively important. While R&D raises rates of innovation, international trade enhances the speed of technology transfer. Human capital primarily affects output through private rates of return (captured in our index of labour quality) rather than measured TFP.     

How barriers to international trade affect TFP

We ask how barriers to international trade affect TFP when there are monopoly rights in the import-competing industries. Holmes and Schmitz [1995. Resistance to new technology and trade between areas. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review 19, 2–17] show that without barriers to trade TFP in these industries is as large as possible. We study the general case of finite barriers to trade. We find that binding quotas lead to the use of inefficient technology in the import-competing industries. In addition, finite quotas or tariffs imply that the import-competing industries produce larger than efficient quantities, if they produce at all. For both of these reasons, barriers to international trade reduce TFP.     

全球价值链嵌入与制造业转移 ——基于贸易增加值的实证分析

本文利用亚洲开发银行的多区域投入产出表(ADB-MRIO),依据出口贸易增加值分解框架,测算了中国制造业细分行业2000—2017年的全球价值链嵌入位置和国际产业转移情况,通过构建动态面板模型,实证分析了全球价值链嵌入位置对制造业国际转移的影响。研究发现:第一,价值链地位提升促进产业向外转移。劳动生产率提升、垂直专业化与研发投入的交互作用有利于产业向外转移,而过度投资和行业垄断则导致产业向内转移。第二,分行业类型检验结果表明,中低技术行业产业转移对于价值链嵌入位置提升的反应更为敏感。第三,影响机制检验表明,外商直接投资和中间品贸易是全球价值链地位提升作用于产业转移的主要渠道。     

我国复杂技术产业的市场追赶态势研究:国际贸易视角

从国际贸易的视角来探讨我国复杂技术产业的市场追赶态势。研究发现:我国复杂技术产业的市场追赶绩效明显,就产品和工艺都复杂的产品而言,我国出口额占全世界出口额的比例从2000年的2.41%快速上升到2008年的10.96%,产品和工艺都复杂的产品的出口额占我国出口总额的比例从2000年的46.43%上升到2008年的72.35%;从中、美、德、日、韩五国的比较结果来看,在产品和工艺都复杂的产品的出口总额中,2000—2008年间美国和日本所占份额都在下降,德国和韩国缓慢增长,我国快速增长,从第5位上升到第2位;从国际贸易平衡来看,在产品和工艺都复杂的产品领域,2000—2008年间我国成功地从净进口国转变为净出口国,但同期日本和德国在此类产品上一直保持较高的贸易顺差,我国和日本、德国在复杂技术产业领域的贸易顺差还有较大差距。     

Technology Transfer and the South's Participation in an International Environmental Agreement*

We develop a North–South model of international trade and transboundary pollution to analyze the relationship between environmental technology transfer and the South's incentive to join an international environmental agreement (IEA). We find necessary and sufficient conditions under which technology transfer will increase the South's incentive to join the IEA. We also find necessary and sufficient conditions under which the South's participation in the IEA will increase the market incentive for technology transfer. Results have clear policy implications for (i) the sequence of technology transfer and the South's IEA membership, and (ii) the legitimacy of the South's subsidies for technology transfer.     

贸易增长、劳动力市场刚性与产业间劳动力转移——基于面板数据门槛效应模型的实证研究

劳动力市场刚性的存在是决定国际贸易能否促进产业间劳动力转移的关键因素之一,然而现有的实证研究却忽视了劳动力市场刚性的决定性作用。本文基于国外文献的度量方法构建劳动力市场刚性和产业间劳动力转移的度量指标,并利用面板数据门槛效应模型研究当劳动力市场刚性存在差异时贸易增长对产业间劳动力转移所产生的不同影响。本文的研究发现,当劳动力市场刚性程度低于门槛值时,贸易增长能加速产业间劳动力转移;而当劳动力市场刚性程度高于门槛值时,贸易增长则会阻碍产业间劳动力转移。由此得出结论,欲使中国的贸易增长起到促进产业间劳动力转移的效果,必须先在劳动力市场领域进行改革,消除劳动力市场刚性。     

Endowments,Specialization, and Policy

The paper explores the relationship between industry shares in production and their determinants including factor endowments, technology, and government policies, in a GDP–function framework. We use a new international panel dataset on production and trade compiled by the World Bank. As an intermediate step we calculate Hicks‐neutral productivity indices that vary across industries, time, and countries. We find that own‐TFP is robustly associated with industry shares across time and countries and that, after correcting for these productivity differences, output shares are related to factor endowments (Rybczynski effects) in a plausible way. Once Rybczynski effects are controlled for, we find little evidence of demand‐side policies (import tariffs) affecting the allocation of resources; we find, however, more role for supply‐side policies as the relative size of capital‐intensive industries is positively associated with infrastructure–capital endowments.     

加工贸易活动成效差异原因探究——基于东亚与拉美的经验

台湾地区、韩国加工装配活动成功和智利、阿根廷成效差异的原因,在于发展战略、政策环境、劳动力市场发育程度与外部环境差异等等;东亚由加工装配活动成功向加工贸易活动转变,而东南亚成效不佳的原因,在于后向联系和技术溢出方面的差异;中国大陆的加工装配活动是成功的,已在增加就业、增加国民收入与缩小收入差距、平衡国际收支和技术转移方面发挥了积极作用,沿海地区加工装配产业在比较优势将消失的趋势下,向中部地区转移这些产业并同时实现产业升级将是最优选择.     

Economic Implications of Alternative Allocation Schemes for Emission Allowances*

For reasons of political feasibility, emission trading systems may have to rely on free initial allocation of emission allowances in order to ameliorate adverse production and employment effects in dirty industries. Against the background of an emerging European‐wide emission trading system, we examine the trade‐off between such compensation and economic efficiency under output‐based and emissions‐based allocation rules. We show that the emissions‐based allocation rule is more costly than the output‐based rule in terms of maintaining output and employment in energy‐intensive industries. When the international allowance price increases, the inferiority of emissions‐based allocation vis‐à‐vis output‐based allocation becomes more pronounced, as emission subsidies drastically restrict efficiency gains from international trade in emission allowances.     

中国对南非纺织业投资与贸易中的竞争与互补关系

中国＂走出去＂的产业和产品定位无意对发展中国家形成竞争关系,但作为新兴发展中经济大国,中国对外经贸活动不仅引起发展中国家的重视,也得到了发达国家的格外关注。非洲是中国南南合作的重点地区,中国低品质的投资和贸易对当地低端产品形成冲击,一方面影响中国形象,另一方面由于低端产品的附加值低,中方也得不偿失。相应的中国＂走出去＂战略应该调整投资和贸易结构,对发展中国家多输入资本密集型、高技术含量的产品和产业;避免对非洲国家的低端产品和就业产生竞争。本文以南非的纺织业市场为例,通过计算1990-2010年行业比较优势指数、边际行业内贸易指数等指标,详细分析了中-南经贸合作的竞争和互补关系,结论发现,中国在南非的纺织品投资和贸易活动有待进一步深化升级。为此,中国需要利用优势,吸收当地劳动力,放弃低端市场,占据高端市场,在竞争中促互补。     

International R&D Spillovers: Trade,FDI, and Information Technology as Spillover Channels*

With the rapid pace of economic integration, the productivity of a country depends not only on domestic R&D, but also on foreign R&D through technology diffusion across countries. The advancement of information technology (IT) has made the international transmission of knowledge faster and more efficient, providing an important channel for international R&D spillovers. This paper investigates three channels of international R&D spillovers: trade, FDI, and information technology. Applying panel cointegration and dynamic OLS analysis to the data for 21 OECD countries plus Israel during the period from 1981 to 1998, we find that bilateral trade remains an important conduit for international R&D spillovers. Although bilateral FDI is found to be positively related to international R&D spillovers, their impact on productivity growth is relatively small. We also find that the development of information technology has played a more important role in international R&D spillovers and productivity growth in recent years.     

国际友好城市与中国出口贸易*

作为正式协议和制度安排的重要补充，缔结国际友好城市关系加强了中外城市之间的信任和深层次交流，成为国际经济合作的重要催化剂和助推器。本文从外贸高质量发展视角切入，基于2002—2015年287个中国城市与136个国家或地区的匹配对数据，考察了国际友好城市形成的“朋友圈”是否以及如何影响城市间的出口贸易。研究发现：（1）缔结国际友好城市协议使得中国城市出口量和出口额分别提高了100%和116%。（2）国际友好城市的贸易促进效应更多源于贸易创造而非贸易转移。（3）除了影响出口集约边际，国际友好城市还从产品种类数和高技术行业所占比例等方面促进了出口扩展边际。（4）以非典和全球金融危机作为事件冲击，国际友好城市协议在一定程度上增强了中国城市出口的风险抵抗能力。（5）异质性分析结果表明，国际友好城市协议对非“一带一路”倡议国家与地理邻近国家或地区的出口促进效应更明显。以上结果得到了一系列稳健性检验的支持。本文的研究有助于全面认识国际友好城市的经济内涵以及探讨外贸高质量发展的新路径。     

International trade performance and concentration in British industry

This paper reports the results of a cross-sectional analysis for 97 industries at the Minimum List Heading level, of their international trading performance 1970–77 and the influence of industrial structure on this. It is shown that, on average, import penetration increased faster than the export ratio for the industries analysed. Investigation of the relationship between industrial concentration and international trade suggest that in the majority of the analyses, especially where the relation between prior concentration change and subsequent with a performance was concerned, higher or increasing levels of concentration were associated with a weaker international trade performance. On the basis of this it is argued that more attention needs to be paid to international trade as a performance rather than merely a structural phenomenon in industry, the reasons for the relatively disappointing performance need to be investigated in more detail, the risk of a decline in internaional trade performance needs to be taken into account in formulating competition policy, especially with respect to mergers and the investigation of dominant firms.     

外商在华直接投资区域聚集非均衡性的实证研究

新贸易理论认为,国际贸易是技术进步的重要原因。本文采用DEA方法将中国32个工业行业的全要素生产率增长分解为技术效率和技术进步的增长,分别就出口和进口对生产率增长的影响作了实证分析。我们发现,在1998—2003年期间,工业行业的全要素生产率增长的原因主要是各行业的技术进步增长,而不是技术效率的提高;贸易开放度高的行业并不比贸易开放度低的行业具有更高的技术效率和规模效率;出口和生产率增长的关系不显著;但进口显著地促进了工业行业的全要素生产率增长和技术进步的增长。所以,调整中国的进、出口贸易模式显得很有必要。     

低人力资本回报能否驱动产业结构演化升级——兼论国际金融危机对中国制造业自主创新的影响

国际金融危机对发展中转型国家的产业影响主要表现在传统劳动密集型加工制造业面临新的生存危机.这一方面是由于国际金融危机引发的国际贸易保护主义导致外贸出口额大幅缩减,但更为主要的是发展中转型国家传统劳动密集型加工制造业自身所处的国际低端产业价值链所致.实现制造业产业结构演化升级必须依赖自主创新.本文通过实证检验发现人力资本回报过低是目前制约处于转型期的中国产业结构演化升级的主要瓶颈.为此,必须利用国际金融危机淘汰竞争时手的效应,尽快提高国民的人力资本报酬,实现自主创新,推动产业结构演化升级,增强国家先进制造业的产业竞争力.     

Who produces for whom in the world economy?

Abstract For two decades, the share of trade in inputs, also called vertical trade, has been dramatically increasing. In reallocating trade flows to their original input‐producing industries and countries, this paper suggests a new measure of international trade: ‘value‐added trade’ and makes it possible to answer the question ‘who produces for whom?’ In 2004, 27% of international trade was vertical trade. The industrial and geographic patterns of value‐added trade are very different from those of standard trade. Value‐added trade is relatively less important in regional trade but the difference is not more important for Asia than for America.     

The long-run effects of the real exchange rate on employment and wages in Canadian manufacturing

ABSTRACT

The literature on real exchange rate effects on the labour market is dominated by short-run analysis showing that there is heterogeneity in the responses of firms or industries to a real exchange rate shock. Analysing data on Canadian manufacturing industries, I conclude that there is a common long-run equilibrium across all manufacturing industries controlling for their openness to trade after varying adjustments to a real exchange rate shock have taken place. This conclusion is important from the perspective of policy making because it helps to form expectations about the effects of a real exchange rate movement on the labour market. The results suggest that real appreciation leads to economically significant reductions in employment in manufacturing in the long run. Real wages decrease in industries that are highly engaged in international trade and somewhat increase in industries that are relatively closed to international trade. Both employment and real wages converge quickly to the long-run equilibrium.     

Tariff effects on MNC decisions to engage in intra-firm and arm's-length trade

Abstract .  Using confidential firm-level data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) on activities of U.S. multinational corporations (MNCs) and their Canadian affiliates, we study the dramatic growth of intra-firm and arm's-length U.S.-Canada trade over the 198495 period. We find that decisions to engage in intra-firm and arm's-length trade are essentially unrelated to tariff and transport cost reductions over this sample period. Thus, we find that the increase in trade occurred almost entirely on the  intensive  rather than the  extensive  margin. This is consistent with case study evidence in Keane and Feinberg (2006), where MNC executives consistently indicate that the modest tariff reductions of the 198495 period were not sufficient to justify fixed costs of overhauling international supply chains. Our results have important implications for recent influential models of international trade that rely on sensitivity of intra-firm trade to tariffs at the  extensive  margin to explain how small tariff declines could have led to the explosion of intra-firm trade since the 1980s. We also find that initial conditions (i.e., 1983 tariffs) are uncorrelated with whether firms engaged in intra-firm or arm's-length trade activity at the start of the sample period. This result is surprising as it implies that firms/industries with a greater propensity to engage in trade were not, in general, successful at lobbying for more favourable tariff treatment.     

The impact of exchange rate volatility on commodity trade between the US and Thailand

The impact of exchange rate volatility on trade flows continues to occupy the international finance literature. More recent studies have deviated from the traditional approach of using aggregate trade flows and have employed trade data at commodity level. This study investigates the impact of exchange rate uncertainty on the trade flows of 118 US exporting industries to Thailand and 41 US importing industries from Thailand. We find that exchange rate uncertainty has short-run effects on the trade flows of most industries. In the long-run, the main determinants of the trade flows are the level of economic activity in both countries.     

国际生产分割的生产率效应

国际生产分割对参与国的生产率产生了重要影响。本文使用符合中国特点的生产分割指标考察了中国参与国际生产分割对于工业行业生产率的影响。研究结果表明:中国参与生产分割有利于生产率的提高;非加工贸易形式的生产分割对生产率的提升作用要高于加工贸易形式的生产分割;生产分割提高生产率的效果对不同行业是不同的,中低技术行业最为明显,其次是高技术行业,最低为初级产品、劳动和资源密集部门;从发达国家承接的生产分割对生产率的提升作用要大于从非发达国家承接的生产分割。