关于我国海水利用产业发展的政策思考

我国是一个严重缺水的国家，淡水资源人均拥有量仅为世界平均水平的1／4，且时空分布不均，水资源短缺严重制约着我国经济社会的发展。我国沿海地区经济发达、人口密集，淡水资源严重不足。因此，加快海水利用是保障沿海地区经济社会可持续发展的重要措施之一。“十五”时期，我国海水利用产业化发展取得了重要进展，技术取得突破，规模不断扩大，成本大幅降低。海水利用的重要性和战略意义越来越被人们所认识，对海水利用的技术研发、产业推动、工程投资等倍受关注。然而，我国海水利用仍处于起步阶段，     

试论我国海水资源开发利用——以大连市为例

由于资源本身的缺乏及经济的高速发展，我国沿海地区淡水资源不足与经济增长的矛盾日益尖锐。本文论述了开发利用海水资源的必要性和迫切性，分析了我国海水资源利用现状与存在的主要问题，提出了进一步开发利用海水资源的五点建议。     

全球海水淡化产业发展现状及对我国的启示

海水淡化是指从海水中获取淡水的过程,是解决淡水资源短缺的重要途径。经过半个多世纪的发展,海水淡化技术已经成熟,海水淡化产业作为新兴朝阳产业正蓬勃发展。目前,世界上已有40多个国家和地区发展了海水淡化产业,海水淡化已经成为日本、美国、以色列、新加坡、西班牙、加勒比海各岛国等国家和地区水资源来源的重要组成部分。     

生态城市建设中的水资源问题及政策研究

本文从我国目前生态城市建设中的现状和问题出发,讨论了水资源短缺、产业结构配置和污水处理能力问题的严重性。并以对现状的分析为基础,提出我国生态城市建设中合理利用水资源的政策途径,包括城市水系统规划、产业布局调整、提高节水技术以及培育城市水权市场等。     

我国高技术产业区域发展对策研究

高技术产业是知识密集、技术密集型产业,发展高技术产业对于地区经济的振兴以及国家的繁荣昌盛具有重要意义。近些年来,我国高技术产业得到迅速发展,但从各个省份的高技术产业发展水平来看,我国高技术产业区域发展尚不均衡,并且这种差距有随时间推移进一步扩大的趋势。通过对我国内地（除西藏外）30个省、市、自治区高技术产业的发展现状进行聚类分析,将我国高技术产业按区域划分为发达地区、次发达地区和落后地区3类。针对不同地区的发展现状,从集群规模、技术市场活动、产业创新能力和政策支撑环境等方面提出了相应的发展对策,并从宏观和微观两个角度进行了解读。     

浙江省海水淡化产业知识产权布局研究

专利技术是衡量一个行业技术创新的重要指标。利用专利地图的理论和方法,绘制专利年度趋势图、区域分布图、权利人分布图、技术结构分布图,对国内外海水淡化产业技术路线进行详尽梳理和比较分析,找出浙江海水淡化产业发展的优势和不足,发展的空间和前景,在此基础之上从时间、空间、类型角度对浙江海水淡化产业知识产权布局进行设计,并提出助推海水淡化产业发展的政策体系。     

产业转移推动地区技术进步了吗?

产业转移政策已上升至国家战略层面,分析产业转移的技术进步效应不仅是对当前政策效果的检验,也是确定政策进一步实施方向的关键。以2008-2016年中国30个省区为样本,选择经济发展水平为门槛变量分析承接产业转移对于地区技术进步的影响,并运用空间面板模型进一步分析区域差异性。结果显示,从全国来说,承接产业转移对全要素生产率的影响与当地经济发展水平有关,对于发展落后的地区而言,承接产业转移会促进技术水平的提高;得益于工业一些部门或生产环节的转出,东部地区的产业技术发展水平大幅上升,地区全要素生产率也高于全国平均水平;中部地区是目前产业转移政策下最大的受益地区,承接外部产业转入,同时加速了地区技术进步;西部地区承接外部产业转入,也会促进地区全要素生产率提高,但是效果并不显著。     

海水淡化:国际经验与未来前景

<正>据国际水资源协会(IWRA)2013年的统计数据显示,海水淡化技术与相关产业在近些年得到了快速发展,当前世界上大约有150多个国家在不同程度地实施海水淡化技术,将海水淡化后当作饮用水或工农业用水。在很多国家,尤其是一些淡水资源比较匮乏的国家,已将海水淡化技术与产业作为水资源发展的重要战略。海水淡化技术与产业发展在国际社会日趋成熟,从整体上看,海水淡化技术与产业有着光明的发展前景,但在发展中也有一些亟待破解的难题。国外海水淡化技术的发展历程国外海水淡化技术的历史可以追溯到16世纪,在欧     

国外海水综合利用产业发展现状、趋势及对我国的启示

该文分析了海水综合利用产业的发展特点、市场格局与演变趋势,并对比我国产业实践,提出海水综合利用产业的发展方向与路径,认为我国海水综合利用产业应聚焦于核心用户、社区和利益相关者,以海水淡化为主轴;大型化或全品类与资源循环利用型淡化装备设计能力是关键;可在工业用水领域先行示范;借助国内市场积攒行业与工程经验,培育产业链各环节的核心企业。     

转型期中国民族地区产业结构与就业结构演化实证研究

利用结构变化值和结构调整速度对民族地区1978-2010年的产业结构、就业结构的动态演化过程进行了分析。结论显示:民族地区的产业结构和就业结构符合配第-克拉克产业演进规律,但对第一产业倚重较大,对外生政策冲击敏感度高。未来产业与就业结构动态优化的关键在于,政府继续主导劳动力教育水平的提升;反思并调整当前重工业化的第二产业结构现状;进一步发展第三产业,增加产业结构总体就业吸纳力。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

Information infrastructure: Who builds broadband networks?

This paper examines the essential difference between the U.S. and Japan, when one considers information infrastructure. There are seven perception gaps between the U.S. and Japan concerning Information Infrastructure policies. These gaps must be understood in order to compare the countries' governmental policies in this area. In looking at the present circumstances, the essential question to answer concerns who is to build, own and operate the network(s) of the infrastructure. Liberalization is certain to be a central factor in the ongoing telecommunications debates. Now that customers have had a taste of the liberalized market-place, the movement toward more open markets will be difficult to stop. When considering options, it is necessary to pay close attention to standardized network access and the increasingly important role software plays. These issues are causing us to take a new approach to the traditional role played by regulators. They also force a closer look at the appropriate structure of utility companies. This paper addresses the above issues in hopes of stimulating dialog on the new telecommunications infrastructure paradigm.     

海岛地区产业演替及资源基础分析--以舟山群岛为例

改革开放以来,舟山市产业构成发生了显著变化,其经济发展过程可以划分为三个阶段。1992年前,是以产业结构渔业占绝对地位的单一结构阶段;1993—1998年,以旅游业为主的第三产业快速发展阶段;上世纪末以来,又进入了新一轮的经济发展时期,即工业产值比重快速增加阶段。根据海岛的自然资源基础和特点,在新世纪的经济发展过程中,舟山市应定位为生态型的港口旅游城市。以港口及临港工业为主导,以海岛旅游和海洋经济为特色,大力发展第二产业和第三产业。海岛地区的主导产业应体现海岛资源优势及区位优势,以集群性环保型产业为主。同时由于海岛地区淡水资源缺乏,主导产业也应着重选择低耗水型产业。     

风险视角下企业治理结构和研发创新——基于委托代理模型的研究

本文基于委托代理模型,从风险的视角研究企业治理结构对研发创新能力的影响。本文构建了一个包含创新活动的委托代理模型进行理论分析,利用动态DEA 模型测算创新能力,并使用2015-2018年我国上市制造业企业数据进行实证检验。实证部分检验了理论结论:委托代理问题不利于企业提升研发创新能力,且客观风险和主观风险厌恶会加剧该负面影响。基于此,本文认为上市企业应根据企业自身研发活动特点有针对性地改善企业治理结构,提出了适当延长代理人任期、推动股权激励计划、提升代理人的风险承担能力等建议。