我国货币政策有效性的实证分析

货币政策实施的好坏直接影响一国经济能否平稳运行,在经济日益全球化的今天,货币政策在稳定宏观经济运行方面必将发挥越来越重要的作用。文章通过对2000—2010年我国货币政策与经济增长之间的关系进行协整检验,并建立误差修正模型,验证了两者之间存在着长期协整关系和短期修正关系。结果显示,我国货币政策与经济增长之间具有协整关系,我国货币政策非中性。从政策效果来看,长期比短期的效果更好。     

我国国防支出与经济增长的宏观计量模型与实证研究

文章通过一个新的宏观计量模型,综合考虑财政政策与货币政策的共同影响,利用ADF单位根检验、协整检验和向量误差修正模型(VECM)等方法对我国国防支出与经济增长的关系进行了实证研究。研究证实我国国防支出与经济增长之间确实存在长期稳定的双向变动关系,经济增长对国防支出的弹性约为0.17;但利率与国防支出、经济增长之间仅存在单向变动关系,且影响十分有限。     

我国货币与财政政策调节宏观经济的有效性分析

文章在对时间序列数据GDP、M2和G进行多重共线性、异方差性、自相关性和平稳性进行检验的基础上,通过建立GDP与M2、GDP与G、GDP与M2、G的修正误差模型分别具体分析了我国货币政策调节宏观经济的有效性、财政政策调节宏观经济的有效性和货币与财政政策调节宏观经济的有效性。最终得出只要运用得当,货币政策和财政政策在调节宏观经济方面都是有效的结论。     

后危机时代美国支出增减政策的交互影响机理

美国的货币政策与财政政策的交互关系在经济衰退时期呈现出扩张的财政政策引致扩张的货币政策,在经济企稳时期呈现出扩张的货币政策引起紧缩的财政政策。美国存在财政政策的非凯恩斯效应,所以一旦紧缩性的财政政策得以实施,将引致宽松货币政策效力的发挥。在后危机时代,这些宏观经济政策间非对称形式的相互作用机制将有利于美国的财政稳固和未来的经济复苏。     

中国宏观经济政策效应模拟分析

本文运用联立方程模型,研究了1978—2012年中国宏观经济变量之间的长期和短期关系,并利用情景分析模拟了国际金融危机以来我国货币政策、财政政策及汇率政策的变动对其他宏观经济变量的影响。结果表明,提高存款利率和贷款利率能抑制投资过热和通货膨胀;实行宽松的财政政策,对GDP、消费、投资和出口总额均有积极影响;提高人民币汇率,可促进经济增长,扩大投资和出口。     

我国财政政策作用机制与经济周期波动的相关性研究

我国积极财政政策在总需求管理过程中起到了重要作用.通过判断我国财政政策工具和财政政策规模与经济周期波动之间的关联,描述结构VAR模型中财政政策的作用和反馈过程,我们发现我国积极财政政策操作过程中体现出了一定程度的相机选择性和对经济周期阶段的依赖性,这意味着在我国经济增长已经出现"软扩张"的经济周期态势下,应当适当调整财政政策的期限结构和政策工具,加强货币政策的组合作用,继续保持积极财政政策对国内产出的作用方向.     

政府规模与经济增长关系分析

经济增长与政府规模之间的关系是什么?政府规模的扩张是出于推动经济增长的需要还是由于经济的增长为政府扩张规模提供了更强的物质基础和需求?或者,经济增长与政府规模扩张之间存在着互动的关系?文章将对1978年-2003年以来的经济增长率和政府规模通过计量经济学模型检验得出不存在由经济增长到政府规模的因果关系的结论及建议。     

资产价格可否纳入货币政策调控目标探讨——基于VAR模型的实证检验

随着中国资本市场的发展,资产价格在货币政策传导机制中扮演的角色越来越重要.本文将从实证角度出发,通过建立VAR模型分析资产价格对货币政策最终目标(币值稳定、经济增长)的影响,发现资产价格与货币政策变量间存在着长期协整关系,并且存在着明显的Granger因果关系,文章在此基础上通过脉冲响应函数进一步分析了资产价格在货币政策传导机制中的作用.     

凯恩斯以来货币政策与经济周期相关论研究综述

作为宏观调控重要手段的货币政策与经济周期到底有没有关系以及其关系如何,西方理论界一直都存在争论。文章主要对凯恩斯以来的货币政策与经济周期之间存在相关性的观点即货币产出相关论进行综述:凯恩斯等认为经济是不稳定的,必须采取反周期的货币政策或财政政策以便稳定经济;新凯恩斯主义通过粘性工资和价格等理论得出货币政策能稳定总产出和就业的结论;新新古典综合学派认为货币政策对产出和就业等真实经济变量具有强大而持续的影响力;新共识宏观经济学等流派也肯定货币政策对产出的作用。据此得出应重视预期,注重货币政策与其它政策的协调配合等启示与结论。     

中国宏观经济形势与政策:2002—2003年

我国在2002年继续实行积极的财政政策,并且适当强化稳健货币政策的扩张倾向。2002年我国GDP预计增长7.86%以上,将明显高于2001年,总体经济景气能够在2003年承续2002年扩张趋势,从而实现从经济萧条到经济繁荣的经济周期形态的转换。随着顺应经济全球化而加入WTO,我国经济发展模式将从二元经济结构转向三元经济结构。在市场化的经济体制支持下和均衡化的经济政策维护下,我国经济仍然能够保持相对快速增长。“十五”计划时期与“十一五”计划时期,我国实际GDP年均增长速度有可能接近8%。     

Policy coordination and the effectiveness of fiscal stimulus

This paper shows that government spending shocks in the U.S. has become ineffective due to lack of coordination between monetary and fiscal policies. Employing the post-war U.S. data, we report strong stimulus effects of fiscal policy during the pre-Volcker era, which rapidly dissipate as the sample period is shifted toward the post-Volcker era. We explain the causes of this phenomena via a sentiment channel. Employing the Survey of Professional Forecasters data, we show that forecasters tend to systematically overestimate real GDP growth in response to positive innovations in government spending when policies coordinate well with each other. On the other hand, they are likely to underestimate real GDP responses when the monetary authority maintains a hawkish stance that conflicts with the fiscal stimulus. The fiscal stimulus, under such circumstances, generates consumer pessimism, which reduces private spending and ultimately weakens the output effects of fiscal policy. We further report statistical test results that confirm our claims.     

Forecasting output gaps in the G-7 countries: the role of correlated innovations and structural breaks

Trend GDP and output gaps play an important role in fiscal and monetary policy formulation, often including the need for forecasts. In this article, we focus on forecasting trend GDP and output gaps with Beveridge-Nelson trend-cycle decompositions trend-cycle decompositions and investigate how these are affected by assumptions concerning correlated innovations and structural breaks. We evaluate expanding window, one-step-ahead forecasts indirectly for the G-7 countries on the basis of real GDP growth rate forecasts. We find that correlated innovations affect real GDP growth rate forecasts positively, while allowing for structural breaks works for some countries but not for all. In the face of uncertainty, the evidence supports that in making forecasts of trends and output gap policy-makers should focus on allowing for the correlation of shocks as an order of priority higher than unknown structural breaks.     

Monetary and fiscal policy interactions in a post Keynesian open-economy model

Using a post Keynesian model, this study aims to analyze the stabilizing role of fiscal and monetary policies in an open economy with a managed exchange rate regime. The real exchange rate is modeled as an endogenous variable and inflation explained using the conflicting claims approach. The dynamic properties of macroeconomic equilibrium are evaluated in different regimes of fiscal and monetary policies. The main result of this study suggests that the preferred policy regime is the one in which economic authorities are complementary and fiscal policy plays an explicitly active role. In this regime, the fiscal policy must commit to the target for the rate of capacity utilization and the monetary authority must commit to the inflation target.     

Fiscal expansion, monetary policy, interest rate risk premia, and wage reactions

We examine the macroeconomic implications of fiscal policy in a small open economy, with emphasis on the interactions between fiscal, monetary and labour market policies. The paper uses the NBNZ-DEMONZ macroeconometric model. Novel features of the model are that it includes an endogenous interest rate risk premium (IRRP), and forward-looking monetary and fiscal policy reaction functions which capture the essence of New Zealand's Reserve Bank and Fiscal Responsibility Acts. The most important empirical result is that the postulated IRRP, proxying financial market mechanisms, can contribute at least as much as the monetary policy reaction function to maintaining price stability. Also of significance are that an income tax cuts package shows more damped real GDP and underlying inflation paths than does an expenditure increases equivalent; and that the inflationary and real sector impacts of a personal income tax cut package depend heavily on how the cut is `shared' between firms and workers. The nature and interdependence of monetary and fiscal policies and labour market conditions are therefore crucial to the macroeconomic outcomes.     

中国宏观经济形势与政策:2003—2004年

中国经济景气在2003年继续其2002年以来的扩张倾向,全年GDP增长率将接近9%,并且将在2004年完成从经济萧条到经济繁荣的经济周期形态转换。21世纪上半叶, 中国经济将继续保持高速增长的历史趋势,核心通货膨胀率将处于较低水平。在当前经济扩张的初级阶段,中国宏观经济管理应该采取适度扩张的财政政策与货币政策,建立以增加国内投资需求为轴心的需求管理政策体系,促进国民经济持续快速增长,并且在此基础上实现增加就业、保持结构平衡和维护人民币汇率稳定的多重政策目标。     

当前宏观经济政策中几个疑点问题分析

本在充分肯定当前宏观经济政策基本走向的同时,对财政政策、货币政策、收入分配政策中几个疑点问题进行了全面深入的分析,提出了富有新意的见解。作的结论是：“积极的财政政策”、“适当的货币政策”,这样的概括和称谓不科学;反通货紧缩用货币量的单纯扩张不能通缩的结果很可能是滞胀;公职人员加薪不能带动其他社会成员增收,其它社会群体增加收入要从他们所处的现实经济关系中去寻找。     

我国货币政策对稳定物价有效性的实证分析

2009年以来,面对持续走高的物价,央行采取了连续上调准备金率的政策,以求减少货币供给量,稳定物价。通过建立CPI、广义货币供给量M2和GDP之间的回归模型,对1994～2010年的数据进行回归分析,得出了我国货币政策对稳定物价有效的结论。认为治理通货膨胀要采取多样化的宏观经济政策,注意货币政策、财政政策的搭配使用。同时要加快人民币汇率体制改革,促进产业结构调整和经济发展方式的转变。     

What is the right balance between US monetary and fiscal policy? Explorations using simulated wavelet-based optimal tracking control

This paper uses wavelet-based optimal control to simulate fiscal and monetary strategies under different levels of policy restrictions. The model applies the maximal overlap discrete wavelet transform to US quarterly GDP data and then uses the decomposed variables to build a large 80-dimensional state-space linear-quadratic tracking model. Using a political targeting design for the frequency range weights, we simulate jointly optimal fiscal and monetary policy where: (1) both fiscal and monetary policy are dually emphasized, (2) fiscal policy is unrestricted while monetary policy is restricted to achieving a steady increase in the market interest rate, (3) only monetary policy is relatively active, while fiscal spending is restricted to achieving a target growth rate, and (4) monetary policy emphasizes short-run stabilization, while fiscal policy utilizes political cycle targeting. The results show that fiscal policy must be more aggressive when the monetary authorities are not accommodating the fiscal expansion and that the dual-emphasis policy leads to a series of interest rate increases that are balanced between a steadily increasing target and a low, fixed rate. This research is the first to construct integrated fiscal and monetary policies in an applied wavelet-based optimal control setting using US data.     

Fiscal space on the eurozone periphery and the use of the (partially) balanced-budget multiplier: The case of Spain

This article adopts the “functional finance” approach to consider the utilization of expansive fiscal policies in the members of the European Monetary Union most affected by high unemployment. As they do not have their own monetary policy, fiscal deficits require the issuing of public debt without the support of the central bank. The authors consequently incorporate the notion of a (partially) balanced-budget expansion to achieve the desired stimulus in gross domestic product (GDP) with the least possible effect on public debt. Their proposal is only a sort of “imperfect” balanced-budget expansion: It is based on the idea that simultaneous increases in public revenue and expenditure can boost GDP, but without any pretension of keeping public deficit unchanged. Specifically, the authors use the case of Spain to show that a more expansive fiscal policy is desirable on economic grounds, and that only institutional constraints prevent it. They do it presenting two alternative scenarios for the coming years and analyzing their different impact on unemployment and fiscal sustainability. The first represents a firm commitment to budget consolidation, whereas the second is based on this “imperfect” application of the balanced budget multiplier. The main conclusion is that a more expansive fiscal policy is perfectly compatible with finance sustainability.