出口强度、吸收能力与中国出口企业生产率

笔者采用2001年~2007年中国工业企业微观面板数据,基于所有制、资本密集度、企业规模等企业异质性,探索出口强度、吸收能力与生产率之间的关系。研究结果表明:中国出口企业存在生产率优势,但出口强度与生产率呈倒U型关系,一方面纯出口企业拉低了出口企业的整体水平,另一方面短期内负的学习效应导致生产率下降。吸收能力则有利于企业生产率的提高,对出口活动具有正向调节效应,即当吸收能力较强时,随着企业出口强度的增加,生产率有所提升。     

集聚的生产率效应——来自中国制造业企业的经验证据

文章采用中国制造业企业微观面板数据,通过估计企业的生产函数,实证检验了集聚的生产率效应。研究发现:在控制企业资本密集度、研发、管理水平、所有制类型以及出口等因素后,就业规模更大的城市中的企业具有更高的生产率;在控制前一期生产率水平后,就业规模更大的城市中的企业当期的生产率水平更高,说明在集聚地区存在能够促进企业生产率提高的"学习效应",在中国城市中存在显著的集聚经济效应;此外,城市非农就业规模与企业生产率之间的关系在不同规模的企业之间并无显著差异。     

异质性企业、生产率与出口市场选择——基于中国汽车企业的实证分析

本文基于异质性企业贸易理论,利用中国700余家汽车企业的微观数据,实证分析了企业生产率与出口行为的关系。出口企业的生产率水平高于非出口企业,生产率水平决定企业的出口决策,总体上存在企业的自我选择效应。在一定条件下,生产率水平最高的企业进入发达国家市场,生产率较高的企业进入发展中国家市场,而生产率最低的企业在国内经营,生产率水平决定了企业的出口市场选择。以发达国家为出口市场的企业生产率的增长速度与非出口企业相比没有明显的差异,没有显著的出口学习效应,但是以发展中国家为出口市场的企业生产率的增长速度要高于非出口企业,存在显著的出口学习效应。     

中国企业的自我选择效应与出口学习效应研究——基于制造业与服务业企业层面的比较分析

利用世界银行对中国企业的调查数据,考察了中国服务业企业出口与生产率之间的作用机理,并与中国制造业企业进行了比较分析。研究表明,具备较高生产率的服务业企业会主动选择出口市场(自我选择效应),进入出口市场后又将进一步促进企业生产率的提高(出口学习效应);而中国制造业企业未出现自我选择效应,仅发现了出口学习效应。这一结论为中国"进一步扩大服务业开放"提供了实证依据。     

出口对中国高技术企业生产率影响的实证研究

采用企业层面数据,实证检验出口对高技术企业生产率的影响,结果发现,中国高技术企业存在较为明显的出口学习效应,但随时间而递减。此外,还考察企业所有制、补贴强度、中间投入强度、研发强度,以及出口强度等对高技术企业生产率的影响,并根据实证结果,提出一些建议。     

出口、异质性与企业生产率——来自中国企业层面的证据

文章基于自我选择效应和出口中学效应假说,利用中国企业面板数据,从超越对数生产函数出发,纳入出口状态变量,分别采用固定效应估计、系统广义矩估计和Olley-Pakes半参数估计法克服潜在的同步性偏差和选择偏差问题,在从微观角度充分控制企业异质性的背景下,深入考察出口行为与我国企业生产率之间的作用机理。研究发现,出口企业的生产率相对非出口企业高出20%-30%左右,我国出口贸易存在显著的出口中学效应;而对自我选择效应的检验结果警示,本土企业以低劳动力成本而非高生产率作为出口竞争优势切入全球价值链低端,转变贸易增长方式是保证中国开放经济长期可持续增长的重要保障。     

企业出口之动态效应研究-来自中国制造业企业的经验:2001-2007

本文对中国企业的出口选择及其学习效应进行研究。结果表明:中国同样存在优质企业做出口的现象;出口会迅速实现企业的规模扩张;出口企业通过出口学习会给企业带来生产率的短期提高,而后出现动态衰减。我们的研究启示是:依附低端制造和外生出口贸易中介的中国企业,通过进入国际市场虽然取得了规模上的快速扩张,但在效率提升上却收获甚微,动态地来看,中国做出口的优质企业可能会演变为更劣质的企业。     

出口贸易对企业生产率的影响研究——基于企业异质性视角

文章以浙江省微观企业2005—2007年平衡面板数据为样本,采用近似全要素生产率,按照企业规模,企业所有制及行业异质性对企业分组,分析出口贸易对企业生产率的影响。结果发现:在所有制异质性分组中,民营企业出口对企业生产率产生正效应,国有企业及外资企业出口对企业生产率产生负效应,在企业规模异质性分组中,大规模企业出口企业对生产率产生负效应,中小企业出口对企业生产率产生正效应,在行业异质性分组中,劳动密集型行业出口对企业生产率产生正效应,非劳动密集型行业出口对企业生产率产生负效应。     

不同股权参与、企业绩效及FDI技术溢出效应——来自中国制造业企业的实证研究

文章以世界银行对中国1 500多家制造业企业的微观调查数据为基础,运用面板数据分析方法,实证检验了外商直接投资对中国企业的溢出效应,同时检验了不同所有制的股权参与对企业效率和溢出效应的影响.经验结果表明:在对外资本身可能选择较高生产率的行业或城市进入这一内生性因素进行控制后,计量结果没有得出正向的技术溢出效应;政府对企业的直接股权参与降低了企业生产效率;按企业所有制分组回归的结果显示,FDl的技术溢出效应对本行业的外商投资企业和政府所有企业并没有显示出很大的不同.     

政府治理影响民营企业生产率的机制：市场效应还是代理成本效应？*

本文检验了中国地方政府治理水平差异如何影响民营企业生产率,以及具体影响这一重要经济后果的路径。本文的检验结果表明,政府治理水平改善能够对民营企业生产率产生积极的影响,其核心机制在于市场效应和代理成本效应。其中,市场效应占主导地位,政府治理水平影响民营企业生产率的关键在于市场效应。本文进一步研究发现,政府治理水平影响了企业产出对资本投入和中间投入的敏感性。其中政府治理的市场效应主要影响产出对资本投入和中间投入的敏感性,而代理成本效应主要影响产出对中间投入的敏感性。     

Productivity Performance of Export Market Entry and Exit: Evidence from Indian Firms

This paper contributes to the literature on exporting and firm productivity, focusing on export entry (efficiency), learning (post‐entry growth) and exit (inefficiency) by Indian firms. Drawing on 7000 firms during 1989–2009, our main objective is to examine the effect of exporting on firm productivity, correcting for selection bias using propensity‐score matching, which allows a “like‐for‐like” comparison between new exporters and nonexporters. Robust to different matching estimators, we find evidence of learning‐by‐exporting that new exporters acquire rapid productivity growth after entry, relative to nonexporters. We also find that (1) exporters are more productive than nonexporters; (2) productive firms tend to self‐select in entering the exporting market, and (3) least productive exporters are found to exit the export market as they experience adverse productivity effect prior to the year of exit. Our robust result on learning‐by‐exporting suggests that entering export market does appear to be a channel explaining the Indian recent growth miracle.     

Learning‐by‐Exporting Revisited: The Role of Intensity and Persistence*

Two non‐mutually exclusive hypotheses can explain the empirically established export premium: self‐selection of more productive firms into export markets and learning‐by‐exporting. This paper focuses on how the temporal dimension of firms' exporting activities and the intensity of exports influence the scope of learning effects. Using a panel of Swedish firms and dynamic generalized method of moments estimation, we find a learning effect among persistent exporters with high export intensity, but not among temporary exporters or persistent exporters with low export intensity. For small firms, exports boost productivity among persistent exporters with both high and low export intensity, but the effect is stronger for persistent export‐intensive small firms.     

Trade and productivity: Self-selection or learning-by-exporting in India

Recent literature tried to explain the Indian growth miracle in different ways, ranging from trade liberalization to industrial reforms. Using data on Indian manufacturing firms, this paper analyzes the relationship between firm's productivity and export market participation during 1991–2004. While it provides evidence of the self-selection hypothesis by showing that more productive firms become exporters, the results do not show that entry into export markets enhances productivity. The paper examines the explanation of self selection hypothesis for total factor productivity differences across 33,510 exporting and non-exporting firms. It uses propensity score matching to test the learning-by-exporting hypothesis. In line with the prediction of recent heterogeneous firm models of international trade, the main finding of the paper is: more productive firms become exporters but it is not the case that learning by exporting is a channel fuelling growth in Indian manufacturing.     

Does Exporting Increase Productivity? A Microeconometric Analysis of Matched Firms

Exporting involves sunk costs, so some firms export whilst others do not. This proposition derives from a number of models of firm behavior and has been exposed to microeconometric analysis. Evidence from the latter suggests that exporting firms are generally more productive than nonexporters. They self‐select, in that they are more productive before they enter export markets, but the evidence suggests that entry does not make them any more productive. This paper investigates exporting and firm performance for a large panel of UK manufacturing firms, applying matching techniques. The authors find that exporters are more productive and they do self‐select. In contrast to other evidence, however, exporting further increases firm productivity.     

Does export and productivity growth linkage exist? Evidence from the Indian manufacturing industry

This paper examines the interrelation between exporting and productivity performance by using a representative sample of Indian manufacturing firms over the period 1994–2006. Specifically, we attempt to test the empirical validity of the learning‐by‐exporting and the self‐selection hypotheses for our sample firms. In order to investigate the linkage, in the first step, we test for causality between TFP and export intensity of firms. Although overall results are rather mixed and provide some support for both hypotheses, still the empirical results are more favorable for the self‐selection behavior of firms. In the next stage, we attempt to provide evidence on export and productivity linkage that occurs during various phases of transition in the export market. Our results suggest that entering in the export market does not improve productivity performance. However, the decision to exit from the export market does have an adverse effect on the productivity. In addition, our results indicate the presence of a high sunk cost of exporting coupled with perhaps lesser information about foreign markets. Finally, our results also lend some support to the significant role of in‐house research activities and economies of scale in firms' productivity performance.     

The Impact of Exporting and Export Destination on Manufacturing Wages: Evidence for Sub-Saharan Africa

This paper investigates wage effects of trade status of African firms. Using data for manufacturing firms, we find a positive overall association between individual earnings and export status. Moreover, the skill wage premium in exporting firms is significantly higher. These results are consistent with either trade inducing higher wages in the exporting country, or with more productive (higher wage) firms self‐selecting into exporting. The results are not robust, however, to disaggregation by export destination. Exporting to outside Africa generates a negative wage premium whereas exporting to African markets yields a positive premium in export firms of the exporting country. This suggests that there is a disciplining effect on the wages of exporting firms only when exporting is to more competitive markets.     

企业出口与生产率的关系——基于中国工业企业数据的实证研究

采用1998—2007年中国工业企业数据,对出口与生产率的关系进行了再探讨,具体研究了出口企业是否具有更高的生产率、企业在做出口决策的过程中是否存在自我选择机制以及出口行为本身是否能促进企业生产率的增长。研究结果显示:当用TFP衡量生产率时,企业出口决策中存在自我选择机制,因此出口企业的生产率相对较高——这与异质企业贸易模型的预期结果一致;当用劳动生产率(人均附加值)衡量企业生产率时,则"生产率悖论"存在,即出口者的生产率反而较低;当企业刚进入出口市场时,其生产率会经历短期的快速增长,但从长期来看,出口对企业生产率增长的作用在整体上是负向的。     

Not so different from non-traders

This paper uses a unique, comparable firm-level dataset covering more than 80 developing middle-income economies to provide a novel set of stylized facts on firms engaging in international trade, focusing on the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. We show that firms in MENA are more likely to export and/or import than their counterparts elsewhere. However, we only find the expected positive and significant productivity premia for exporters outside of MENA. While MENA's larger exporters are indeed more productive than non-exporters, a large share of exporters – the comparatively low-volume ones – are not. We also confirm positive and significant size and productivity premia for manufacturers that import only, with productivity premia in MENA at least double of those in middle-income economies elsewhere. In contrast, we find no size or productivity premia for MENA's manufacturers that export, but do not import. These patterns are consistent with substantial distortions in the relative fixed and variable costs of trading, likely a reflection of selectively applied policies.     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXPORT STATUS AND PRODUCTIVITY IN SERVICES: A FIRM‐LEVEL ANALYSIS FOR SPAIN

This paper analyses the relationship between export status and productivity in a major service exporter, Spain, during 2001–07. I find that exporters in the services sector are 45 percent more productive than non‐exporters. This productivity premium is larger for firms that supply non‐internet‐related services than for firms that supply internet‐related services. The results show that exporters were more productive than non‐exporters before beginning to export, and also that exporting increases productivity growth; however, this positive shock vanishes quickly.