经济转型时期的科技型企业创新效率比较研究

本文采用主成分分析与DEA指数模型相结合的方法,通过提取主成分将多种投入和产出降维,在此基础上运用DEA-Malmquist指数模型对正处在经济转型期的科技型中小企业以及大型企业创新效率进行评价并做出对比分析,评价结果表明:在2013-2015年的经济转型期间,科技型中小企业和大型企业的创新效率均呈下降趋势,且科技型中小企业的创新效率下降更快.对比结果发现:科技型中小企业在资源配置及企业管理上与大型企业有较大差距,同时其技术进步不足也是科技型中小企业创新效率低下的重要原因.最后,本文通过行业及创新模式划分,寻找影响科技型中小企业创新效率的实质性因素.研究结果发现:经济转型时期的科技型中小企业在资金和管理投入上较大型企业而言存在差距,未来通过自主研发及提高企业管理能力对发挥科技型中小企业的作用至关重要.     

科技型中小企业成长性指标体系及其评价研究

文章结合科技型中小企业的特点,分析了构建指标体系的基本原则,设计了科技型中小企业成长性评价指标体系,并选择了模糊综合评判法,以三个企业的商务管理能力为例进行了实证研究。     

科技型中小企业成长研究现状综述

首先使用UCINET软件对科技型中小企业的相关文献作了关键词聚类,得出目前学界的研究热点;并结合影响企业成长的关键成功因素,对科技型中小企业成长的研究现状从成长机制、创新能力、政府支持管理、产业集群、发展模式和综合评价6个维度进行了综述;最后对目前的研究现状进行了探讨和展望。关键词:科技型中小企业;企业成长;研究现状;综述     

完善吉林省科技型中小企业自主创新社会服务支持体系研究

吉林省科技型中小企业在吉林省经济发展中有着重要的地位和作用,其自主创新能力直接关系到吉林省整体创新能力的提高。所以发展和完善面向吉林省科技型中小企业的自主创新社会服务体系,是提升吉林省科技型中小企业自主创新能力的关键。本文分析了有五个子系统构成的吉林省科技兴中小企业自主创新社会服务体系结构,重点对生产力促进中心、企业孵化器、技术市场等社会服务支持体系存在的问题及完善对策进行了进一步研究。     

基于VIKOR法的科技型中小企业自主创新能力评价研究

以科技型中小企业自主创新能力内外部影响因素为依据,以VIKOR法作为评价方法对科技型中小企业自主创新能力进行综合评价。首先分析了包括政策环境、法律环境、社会服务环境、市场环境和金融环境的外部环境因素,以及包含自主创新研发能力、自主创新生产制造能力、自主创新管理能力、自主创新营销能力和自主创新风险防范能力的内部要素;然后根据科技型中小企业自主创新能力评价指标体系的设计原则,从企业内部和外部两个层面构建了科技型中小企业自主创新能力评价指标体系;最后运用VIKOR法对江苏省科技型中小企业自主创新能力进行了综合评价,并提出了提高科技型中小企业自主创新能力的对策建议。     

科技型中小企业技术创新能力评价指标体系研究

正确评估科技型中小企业技术的创新能力,可以帮助政府、金融机构等制定有针对性的政策和措施。基于科技型中小企业高成长率的特点,从企业现有技术创新能力和技术创新能力提升潜力两个方面构建创新能力评价指标体系,以科学评价科技型中小企业的创新能力。     

科技型中小企业融资出路——“天使投资”探析

科技型中小企业作为国家经济增长和科技创新活动的主体力量，对于推动我国的技术创新和发展我国的高新技术产业具有重要的作用。然而，科技部研究中心今年完成的一份调研评析报告却传达出一个令人担忧的信息：近年来，我国科技型企业的研发投入强度出现下降趋势，盈利能力也出现较大幅度下滑，严重影响了企业后续的科技创新能力。究其原因，主要是高科技中小企业发展资金严重不足，融资困难。在我国当前的融资环境下，发掘“天使投资”潜力对于解决科技型中小企业融资难的问题、完善科技型中小企业融资体系具有的重要意义。     

江西省科技型小微企业创新能力评价及提升对策研究

选取江西省具有代表性的科技型小微企业进行调研,从技术研发能力、市场拓展能力、环境支撑能力、创新管理能力、创新盈利能力等方面构建了江西省科技型小微企业创新能力评价指标体系,并利用层次分析法和模糊综合评价法进行了企业创新能力评价的实证分析,针对评价结果提出了提升江西省科技型小微企业创新能力的对策建议。     

中原经济区中小企业绿色持续创新能力评估的实证研究

从持续创新和绿色创新的耦合理论研究出发,探讨中原经济区中小企业绿色持续创新能力的内涵与特征,并建立企业绿色持续创新能力评价指标体系,运用(AHP-FUZZY)层次分析法和模糊综合评价法耦合对企业绿色持续创新能力进行建模分析,结合许继电气股份有限公司绿色持续创新进行实证研究。     

浅析天津市科技型中小企业股份制改造对企业产生的影响

目前,我市正处于加快转变经济发展方式和调整经济结构,提高经济增长质量和效益的关键时期。为了进一步促进我市企业快速发展,需大力支持企业技术创新,充分发挥高新技术产业在本市经济和社会发展中的引领作用。科技型中小企业是最具活力的企业群体,在经济增长、科技创新、促进就业、保障民生等方面具有不可替代的作用。近年来,我市中小企业实现了较快发展,规模不断扩大,社会贡献日益突出。但本市科技型中小企业在发展中也存在产业集聚度较低、经济效益较低、管理能力较差等问题,资金短缺也成为制约科技型中小企业发展的关键问题。因此,探索科技型中小企业发展的新途径,实现本市科技型中小企业突破式发展成为当前工作的重中之重。本文通过对本市科技型中小企业发展的制约因素进行研究,推动科技型中小企业进行股份制改造以提升企业综合能力,为实现本市科技型中小企业跨越式发展提供理论依据。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.     

Duplication, Growth and ‘Total Return Economics’

Maintenance consumption is an expense recovered in product prices, yet also a source of taste satisfaction which must be exhausted, rather than reinvested, from the capital affording it. This riddle is solved in the duplication rules: the cost of maintenance consumption is recovered in pay and prices, but an equal flow is exhausted from the human capital of the worker earning the pay. The rules impact tradition in several ways. If output is defined in principle as value added, then it cannot also be described as consumption plus net investment without double-counting the maintenance consumption recovered in prices. Also rate of return in the stationary state is not zero, but is the rate sufficient to offset the exhaustion of individual human capital. The rules lead to new insights into economic return, and support an argument that all growth at the scale of closure is due to productivity gain rather than to thrift.     

Simulating the Effect of Regulatory Systems in a Fishery, An Application to the French Driftnet Albacore Fleet

With a thin economic component, most bio-economic models of fisheries failto assess the effects of the regulation systems on firms. In order to analysethe short term consequences of different management schemes, a simulationmodel is applied to the French driftnet albacore fleet: licence allocation withdriftnet regulation, individual quotas, and individual transferable quotaswithout any input control. Vessel technology is estimated by using the datacollected, and groups of vessels are distinguished according to criteria ofperformance. We present the adjustment within firms and between groupsunder different scenarios (limited entry with and without driftnetregulation, individual quotas and individual transferable quotas allocation),and we compare their results in terms of quasi-rent value and otherindicators such as hake harvests or dolphin by-catches.     

Knowledge as a Path-Dependence Process

By following a new approach proposed by Cognitive and Neuroeconomics, this paper presents and extends that part of Hayek's theory concerning knowledge in path-dependent terms, and shows that this is a fertile theory, opening new lines of inquiry for contemporary economics. In his theory of knowledge Hayek shows that the dynamics of economic change is path-dependent, in a different and more profound way than in the rest of the path-dependent literature. This literature deals with an important controversy, which will be also discussed and its specific and original meaning will be highlighted. As it will emerge, knowledge as a path-dependent process is consistent with cognitive theories of perception and learning and it plays a more important role than is traditionally assumed. Path-dependence is in fact always present in the cognitive dimension of perception and in individual decision-making processes, as well as in the processes of organizational innovation, and even in the macro-dimension of institutional change. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.