非价格策略与消费者购买行为——以会员积分制为例

会员积分制是目前零售业普遍采用的一种非价格竞争策略,其对于销售的作用也日渐受到经济学的普遍关注。本文通过采用大连市某一知名大型购物中心会员购买记录的扫描数据,对会员积分制的实际效果进行实证研究,结果表明积分能够对消费者的购买行为产生显著影响。积分弹性及交叉积分弹性表明,一种商品的积分促销不仅增加本商品的需求量,而且对其他商品的销售存在正外部性。积分促销可以起到与价格促销同样的作用;本文进一步得出积分与价格相互替代性的大小,为厂商在两种策略的权衡使用上提供参考。     

略论价格调整和需求价格弹性与最大收益之关系

通过调整价格使商品的总收益增加是价格策略的一种运用方式。为使商品的总收益在价格上调或下调时增加，应当根据商品在这一时期内的需求价格弹性，确定适当的价格调整范围，并根据客观规律创造出最大收益。     

不同消费群体需求弹性的估计

<正>市场上有一个很普遍的现象：若干个消费群体购买一种商品，且各个消费群体的需求弹性各不相同。     

电商不同类型促销对购买行为的长期影响——以亚马逊电子书为例

促销的长期影响在学术界一直备受争议,并且传统研究更多地关注实体企业的促销效果,而对电商平台的促销活动研究较少。为了厘清电商平台的不同促销方式对消费者购买行为的长期影响,本文基于亚马逊电子书的销售数据,建立固定效应模型考察了降价和优惠券两种价格促销的长期影响。结果表明,降价促销会导致消费者未来购买数量减少、购买金额增加、购买时间间隔缩短;优惠券促销则会使得消费者未来购买数量增加、购买金额减少、购买时间间隔不变。在此基础上,本文进一步分析了消费者购买经验的调节作用。本文不仅丰富了已有促销长期影响的研究成果,而且对电商如何制定促销策略以优化促销长期效果提供了科学可行的建议,具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。     

弹性理论在经济中的应用

本文将弹性概念运用于经济问题中,介绍了商品的需求价格弹性和供给价格弹性,及需求价格弹性和供给价格弹性的类型,并介绍了如何用商品的需求弹性分析总收益,及进出口商品的供求弹性在国际收支调节理论及关税承担中的应用     

区域旅游商品的营销策略

实施科学而合理的区域旅游商品营销策略对提高其知名度和美誉度、扩大其市场份额、实现利润的最大化起着重要作用,区域旅游商品的营销策略包括确定目标市场、制定合理价格、选择有效促销方式、创新销售模式、创建商品品牌及市场信息反馈等。     

中美出口品汇率弹性的分类测算

本文尝试着推算出一种新的弹性,它是基于出口价格的汇率传递弹性与出口需求弹性之上,反应汇率变动导致的出口需求量的变动程度,笔者将它称为出口汇率弹性。本文通过对分类出口品的汇率弹性进行分别计算,揭示了中国对美国出口贸易中人民币汇率变动对不同商品出口量的不同程度影响。     

关于需求价格弹性与销售收益之间关系的思考

在微观经济学关于需求价格弹性与销售收益之间的关系中,传统经济学教科书对此得出的都是相同的结论,即当需求的价格弹性e〉1时,价格与销售收益反向变化;需求的价格弹性e〈1时,价格与销售收益同向变化;需求的价格弹性时,销售收益不随价格的变化而变化。通过数学分析与推导,得出这一结论并不是恒成立的,需求价格弹性的取值与收益之间的关系也是有条件的,即存在着一定的约束条件——价格的变动幅度。通过数学证明,可得出,当e=1时,价格变化,收益必定减少;当e〈1时,只要价格上涨幅度不超过1-e/e,总收益增加;当e〉1时,只要价格下降的幅度不超过e-1/e,总收益也增加。     

关于需求价格弹性与销售收益之闻关系的思考

在微观经济学关于需求价格弹性与销售收益之间的关系中,传统经济学教科书对此得出的都是相同的结论,即当需求的价格弹性e＞1时,价格与销售收益反向变化;需求的价格弹性e＜1时,价格与销售收益同向变化;需求的价格弹性时,销售收益不随价格的变化而变化.通过数学分析与推导,得出这一结论并不是恒成立的,需求价格弹性的取值与收益之间的关系也是有条件的,即存在着一定的约束条件--价格的变动幅度.通过数学证明,可得出,当e=1时,价格变化,收益必定减少;当e＜1时,只要价格上涨幅度不超过1-e/e,总收益增加;当e＞1时,只要价格下降的幅度不超过旦e-1/e,总收益也增加.     

谈企业买赠行为的会计与税务处理

现代企业的促销手段很多,买赠销售是其中较为常见的一种促销方式,它是经营者在提供商品或服务的过程中,以向交易相对人赠送一定物品或有价证券为手段,鼓励其购买本企业商品或服务的一种营销行为。由于人们在实务中对这种促销方式的交易实质理解不一,导致其税务处理与会计处理存在较多争议,本文将从对各种买赠行为的交易实质的分析入手,对企业买赠行为的会计与税务处理进行深入探讨。     

电子商务环境下消费者冲动性购买形成机理研究

消费者网上冲动购买行为是计划性的,而非多数学者所指的“非计划性”购买行为。影响消费者网上冲动性购买的相关因素包括刺激因素、个体性质及限制因素。购买过程是一个短暂复杂的心理过程,构建冲动性购买行为过程模型可为网上店铺引导消费者冲动性购买提供借鉴。     

基于交易成本的消费者网络购物意愿的实证研究

首先对网络购物中的交易成本相关研究进行文献综述,在此基础上,建立网络购物中消费者交易成本影响因素的相关研究假设,运用PLS—SEM模型的研究方法,采用问卷调研获取的数据,对消费者网络购物意愿进行了实证分析。研究表明,购买频率和不确定性显著地影响交易成本,不确定的影响作用较大,并最终对购买意愿产生影响。     

Using Empirical Point Elasticities to Teach Tax Incidence

Using point elasticities rather than using either arc elasticities or slopes of demand and supply curves provides the best method for teaching students about the economic impacts of excise taxes. Not only does a point-elasticity approach simplify theoretical analysis of tax impacts, but it also allows instructors to take advantage of publicly available empirical estimates of demand and supply elasticities to show students how theoretical results can be applied to real-world tax policy issues. To illustrate these advantages, the authors use several available estimates of point elasticities of demand and supply of raw sugar to calculate the economic impacts of a recently proposed penny-per-pound tax on raw cane sugar grown in the Florida Everglades.     

Demand for cigarettes in Turkey: an application of count data models

Household cigarette demand in Turkey is examined using the zero-inflated negative binomial model to account for a large portion of households not reporting cigarette smoking or purchase and estimated using the data from the national household survey implemented in 2003. Data were divided into two main groups: families with and without teenagers. Results identify relevant household head and household characteristics needed to develop effective public policy to prevent the decision to begin to smoke and to reduce cigarette purchase to lower the future growth of government healthcare expenditures. Specifically, healthcare expenditure share, income, and cigarette-price elasticities are relevant in lowering cigarette purchases. The calculated price elasticities for cigarette demand falls within the range determined by studies conducted for developed countries including the member states of the European Union. An estimate of the effect of an increase in the excise tax lowering demand is provided.     

Is fixed-mobile substitution strong enough to de-regulate fixed voice telephony? Evidence from the Austrian markets

In this paper, we estimate own-price elasticities for fixed network voice telephony access and national calls services for private users as well as cross-price elasticities to mobile services using time series data from 2002 to 2007 from the Austrian markets. Using instrumental variable estimates and considering cointegration, we find that access is inelastic while calls are elastic. We conclude that the retail market for national calls of private users can probably be deregulated due to sufficient competitive pressure from mobile. Access-substitution on the other hand does not seem to be strong enough to justify de-regulation.     

Sequential Screening

We study price discrimination where consumers know at the time of contracting only the distribution of their valuations but subsequently learn their actual valuations. Consumers are sequentially screened, as in a menu of refund contracts. Initial valuation uncertainty can differ in terms of first-order stochastic dominance or mean-preserving-spread. In both cases, optimal mechanisms depend on informativeness of consumers' initial knowledge about their valuations, not on uncertainty that affects all consumers. It can be optimal to "subsidize" consumers with smaller valuation uncertainty through low refund to reduce the rent to those who face greater uncertainty and purchase more "flexible" contracts.     

Time-varying parameters in the almost ideal demand system and the Rotterdam model: will the best specification please stand up?

This article assesses the ability of the Rotterdam Model (RM) and of three versions of the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) to recover the time-varying elasticities of a true demand system and to satisfy theoretical regularity. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we find that the RM performs better than the linear-approximate AIDS at recovering the signs of all the time-varying elasticities. More importantly, the RM has the ability to track the paths of time-varying income elasticities, even when the true values are very high. The linear-approximate AIDS, not only performs poorly at recovering the time-varying elasticities but also badly approximates the nonlinear AIDS.     

Micro and macro elasticities in a life cycle model with taxes

We build a life cycle model of labor supply that incorporates changes along both the intensive and extensive margin and use it to assess the consequences of changes in tax and transfer policies on equilibrium hours of work. We find that changes in taxes have large aggregate effects on hours of work. Moreover, we find that there is no inconsistency between this result and the empirical finding of small labor elasticities for prime age workers. In our model, micro and macro elasticities are effectively unrelated. Our model is also consistent with other cross-country patterns.     

Taxation and top incomes in Canada

We estimate the elasticity of reported income with respect to tax rates for high earners using sub‐national variation across Canadian provinces. We argue this allows for better identification of tax elasticities than the existing literature. We find that elasticities of reported income at the provincial level are large for incomes in the top 1%, but small for lower earners. There are strong indications that the response happens both through earned and capital income. While our estimated elasticities are large, changes in tax rates cannot explain much of the overall long‐run trend of higher income concentration in Canada.     

Armington elasticities in intermediate inputs trade: a problem in using multilateral trade data

Abstract.  In this paper we find that the estimates of Armington elasticities (the elasticity of substitution between groups of products identified by country of origin) obtained from multilateral trade data can differ from those obtained from bilateral trade data. In particular, the former tends to be higher than the latter when trade consists largely of intermediate inputs. Given that the variety of intermediate inputs traded across borders is increasing rapidly and that the effect of this increase is not adequately captured in multilateral trade data, the evidence shows that the employment of multilateral trade data to estimate Armington elasticities needs caution. JEL classification: F14, C51