护理干预对小儿肌内注射治疗效果的影响

目的：探讨护理干预对小儿肌内注射治疗效果的影响。方法选取2012年10月至2014年10月在长春市儿童医院门诊行肌内注射的患儿388例作为研究对象,完全随机分为对照组和观察组,每组194例,对照组患儿给予常规护理,观察组患儿给予护理干预,分析两组患儿注射部位的疼痛程度和患儿家属的满意度。结果护理干预后,观察组患儿的疼痛程度明显低于对照组（P＜0.05）;观察组患儿家属总满意度为98.5%,对照组患儿家属总满意度为75.3%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论在小儿肌内注射治疗期间给予护理干预措施,可明显降低患儿的疼痛程度,并提高患儿家属的满意度。     

小儿支气管肺炎临床护理方法及效果分析

目的探讨小儿支气管肺炎的临床护理方法。方法选取我院2012年8月~2013年3月收治的住院支气管肺炎患儿78例,随机分为对照组和观察组,两组均给予常规治疗和护理,观察组在此基础上给予雾化吸入、体位引流、胸背部叩击、吸痰及家属健康教育等护理。对比两组患儿症状改善或缓解情况、住院时间及家属满意度。结果两组患儿总有效率差异不显著,但观察组显效者明显多于对照组,住院时间明显短于对照组,家属满意度明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。讨论除常规护理外加行雾化吸入、体位引流等护理措施,能有效改善患儿临床症状,促使患儿尽早出院。     

护理干预在小儿高热惊厥治疗中的效果

目的：探讨护理干预在小儿高热惊厥中的应用效果。方法将56例高热惊厥患儿随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组患儿采用综合护理干预,对照组患儿给予常规护理,对两组患儿的护理效果进行观察。结果观察组患儿家属满意度达到92.8%,平均治疗时间为（8.7±2.4）d,患儿平均抽搐时间为（4.1±1.1）min;对照组患儿家属满意度为71.4%,平均治疗时间为（12.6±2.7）d,患儿平均抽搐时间为（7.4±1.3）min,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论对小儿高热惊厥进行有效的综合护理干预,可减少患儿并发症的发生,有效缩短患儿的治疗和抽搐时间,且患儿家属护理满意度较高。     

舒适护理在儿科发热患儿中的应用

目的探讨舒适护理在儿科发热患儿中的应用效果。方法将2011年1月至2012年7月在我科住院的发热患儿随机分为试验组和对照组。对照组采用常规护理,试验组采用舒适护理,观察并比较两组患儿的哭闹情况、体温下降情况、住院时间、静脉穿刺成功率及家属满意度等指标差异。结果试验组患儿主动配合情况、发热持续天数、静脉穿刺成功率及家属满意度与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),住院时时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论发热患儿在临床护理中应用舒适护理效果满意。     

小儿超声雾化吸入护理干预方法及效果分析

目的探讨小儿超声雾化吸入的护理干预方法与效果。方法选取2012年2月~2013年2月我科收治的呼吸系统疾病患儿40例,随机分为观察组与对照组各20例,对照组进行常规护理,观察组进行整体护理干预,比较两组患儿的治疗效果及副反应情况。结果观察组总有效率为90.0%,对照组总有效率为55.0%,观察组总有效率明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患儿出现的副反应明显少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论整体护理干预能提高超声雾化的治疗效果,减少不良反应发生,值得在临床上推广与应用。     

心理护理在儿科重症监护室中的应用

目的研究儿科重症监护室实施心理护理的临床作用。方法选择我院儿科重症监护室2011年8月至2013年8月收治的200例患儿,将其均分为两组。对照组患儿实施常规护理,观察组患儿在常规护理的基础上实施心理护理,比较两组患儿实施护理后的恐惧、焦虑程度及对医护人员的满意度。结果观察组患儿的恐惧、焦虑程度明显低于对照组,而对医护人员的满意度明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论通过对儿科重症监护室患儿实施有效心理护理干预,能显著降低其恐惧及焦虑程度,促使患儿配合医护人员的操作及治疗,增强其战胜疾病的信心,提升患儿及家属对医护人员的满意度,缩短患儿的治疗时间。     

护理干预对骨结核患者认知行为的影响

目的探讨护理干预对骨结核患者认知行为的影响。方法选取我院收治的骨结核患者117例,按照随机数字表法将其分成两组,对照组患者给予常规护理,观察组患者在常规护理的基础上实施护理干预,比较两组患者的认知行为。结果观察组患者骨结核知识掌握、防治意识、遵医行为评分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者总满意度高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对骨结核患者实施护理干预可提高患者的认知行为、患者及家属对护理服务的满意度,减少不必要的医疗纠纷。     

人性化护理在急性阑尾炎手术中的应用价值

目的探讨人性化护理在急性阑尾炎的手术中应用与价值。方法随机抽取我院2012年5月至2013年5月收治78例急性阑尾炎患者,将其分为两组,对照组采用一般护理,观察组则在对照组基础上加以人性化护理,针对两组患者的护理效果进行分析,且综合评价人性化护理在急性阑尾炎手术中的应用价值。结果对照组护理满意度为79.5%,观察组护理满意度为97.4%,观察组护理满意度明显高于对照组,差异显著,具有统计学意义(P<0.05);对照组出现6例并发症,占15.4%,观察组出现1例并发症,占2.6%,其并发症发生率明显低于对照组,差异显著,具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论人性化护理在急性阑尾炎手术中能有效促进患者快速康复,减少且预防并发症的发生,有利于护理质量的提高。     

急性心肌梗死的急诊护理

目的探讨急性心肌梗死的急诊护理。方法随机选取68例急性心肌梗死患者,对比实施全面护理前后患者的临床护理效果及患者满意度。结果对照组患者病死3例,抢救成功率为91.2%,平均住院时间(14.2±1.3)d;观察组患者病死1例,抢救成功率为97.0%,平均住院时间为(8.4±0.9)d。两组抢救结果及住院时间对比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对照组患者满意度为52.9%,观察组患者满意度为85.3%,后者患者满意度更高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论全面护理措施在急诊科急性心肌梗死救治中具有非常明显的应用效果,可有效提高抢救成功率及患者满意度。     

优质护理服务在产房工作中的应用

目的探讨一对一全产程陪伴的优质护理服务在产房工作中的应用。方法选取我院2011年6月~2012年7月收治的产妇98例,按照就诊先后顺序将其随机分为两组,对照组产妇实施常规护理,观察组产妇在常规护理的基础上,实施一对一全产程陪伴的优质护理服务,观察两组产妇的护理满意度与心理状态改善情况。结果观察组产妇在护理满意度(96.00%)明显高于对照组(75.00%),P<0.05,差异有统计学意义;观察组产妇的心理状态改善情况明显优于对照组,P<0.05,差异有统计学意义。结论对产妇实施优质护理服务,能明显改善产妇的心理状态,值得临床推广。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

Bayesian estimation of duration models: An application of the multiperiod probit model

The multiperiod probit model is presented and Bayesian estimation using the Gibbs sampler with data augmentation is described. As an empirical illustration, the multiperiod probit model is then used to estimate a duration model using employment duration data for the Canadian province of New Brunswick. Bayesian estimation with unobserved heterogeneity is shown to be a simple extension of estimation of a duration model with no unobserved heterogeneity. More importantly, perhaps, some numerical problems encountered by other authors using Maximum Likelihood are avoided.I would like to thank M. Baker, G. Koop, A. Melino and D. Poirier for helpful comments and discussions. I would also like to thank M. Baker for providing his data.     

Scenarios and creativity: Thinking in new boxes

To be creative and make change happen, leaders must do more than simply ‘think outside the box’, as the traditional business manuals suggest, using the popular American expression. After all, the space outside the box is infinitely expansive. Moreover, there can be no guarantee that a solution to the problem will be found. The answer: ‘Think in new boxes.’ This requires developing the right new box; in other words, useful new models, a helpful new approach to a problem. That is the real art of practical creativity. This short article outlines the approach (Thinking in New Boxes) and its application to classic scenario planning with a few examples. The authors also present the ‘Expressway to Scenarios’, an approach that wins in impact and practicality what it loses in deep analysis, by having top executives involved in key steps.     

On the Role of Paradigms in Understanding Economic Globalization

Any adequate analysis of economic globalization necessarily requires fundamental understanding of the worldviews underlying the views expressed with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization. This paper is based on the premise that any worldview can be associated with one of the four basic paradigms: functionalist, interpretive, radical humanist, and radical structuralist. It argues that any view expressed with respect to economic globalization is based on one of the four paradigms or worldviews. It, therefore, discusses four views with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization which correspond to the four broad worldviews. The paper emphasizes that the four views expressed are equally scientific and informative; they look at the nature and role of economic globalization from a certain paradigmatic viewpoint. Emphasizing this example in the area of economic globalization, the paper concludes that there are opportunities for each paradigm to benefit from contributions coming from the other three paradigms.     

A Humean theory of choice of which rationality may be one consequence

For the reader who considers economic theory of choice as a special case of a more general theory of action, Hume's discussion of the determinants of action in the Treatise of Human Nature (1739?–?40), in the Enquiry on Human Understanding (1748) and in the Dissertation on Passions (1757) deserves attention. However, according to some modern commentators, Hume does not seem to have given any evidence that would favour what nowadays we would consider as the kind of rationality involved in modern theories of rational choice. On the contrary, this paper arrives at the conclusion that consistency between preferences and choice, like the usual properties of completeness and transitivity, may be considered as outcomes of a mental process, described by means of a decision algorithm that aims to represent Hume's theory of choice.     

The concept of freedom and its relation to economic development--a critical appreciation of the work of Amartya Sen

Following a brief review of the conception of freedom as employedin economic discourse, this paper focuses on the evolution ofthe concept of freedom in the work of Amartya Sen. It tracesthe development of Sen's thought from the capability analysisof the late 1970s to his more recent separation of freedom intoits opportunity and process aspects. While broadly appreciativeof Sen's development of the concept of positive freedom, thepaper identifies some difficulties arising from his definitionof capability as a set of options as well as from his separationof the opportunity and process aspects of freedom. Aspects ofthe relationship between Sen's conception of freedom and thatof Marx are discussed briefly in the context of Sen's recentdiscussion of the market as a source of freedom.     

How chaebol restructuring after the 1997 crisis has affected corporate decision and performance in Korea: debt financing,ownership structure,and investment

ABSTRACT

Korean chaebol firms, characterized by excessive debt financing and overinvestment, experienced restructuring after the 1997 crisis. By reducing debt financing and thus overinvestment, they tried to reorganize financing structure and ownership structure. Chaebols’ debt reduction turns out to have improved performance. However, polarization between chaebol and non-chaebol firms has become more significant. Even after the crisis, firms that give higher cash flows to a controlling shareholder take more capital investment, indicating that agency problems still exist within chaebols. Chaebol-affiliated firms continue to be more active in R&D than non-chaebol firms. However, the pattern is limited to the group of top 10 chaebols after the crisis.

Abbreviations: KFTC: Korea Fair Trade Commission     

Types of technology

Technology is a concept rife with confusion. Here, I argue that technologies can be distinguished as a combination of type of producer and an idealized artefact life history. Using this definition, a number of technologies are identified. The first technology historically, in the Protostomes, was the production of individual or family dwellings. Next came objects such as spider webs for trapping prey. Stigmergy followed, with the social insects, as a collective endeavour to construct a mega-structure using simple rules of accretion. Some birds and primates began to make tools, or simple technological objects whose function is closely related to their form. Humans are distinguished by their ability to make machines. Traditional technology took place once people voluntarily organised into groups with specialised knowledge to produce more complex objects and structures. Monumental objects like ceremonial pyramids came with the command economies of the early agrarian societies, which also resulted in a new category of artefact, the network. Finally, with modern civilizations came ad hoc accretion, or population-level adding-on, to make truly complex technological systems. Developing a theoretical framework within which artefacts, production processes and ways of interacting with them are identified should help the study of technology to become more scientific.