高效液相色谱法测定三黄系列品种中盐酸小檗碱的含量

目的建立三黄片、三黄胶囊等系列品种中盐酸小檗碱的HPLC含量测定方法。方法 C18柱(4.6×150mm,5μm,Capcell pak C18 MGⅡ),以乙腈-水(1:1)(每1000ml流动相中含磷酸二氢钾3.4g,十二烷基硫酸钠1.7g)为流动相,检测波长为265nm,流速为1ml min-1,柱温为室温。结果此方法线性关系良好,平均加样回收率为99.54%。结论本方法分离度好,结果准确可靠。     

黄连炉甘石洗剂盐酸小檗碱含量测定的研究

目的建立黄连炉甘石洗剂盐酸小檗碱含量的质量控制标准。方法采用高效液相色谱法测定处方中盐酸小檗碱的含量。结果建立高效液相色谱法测定处方中的盐酸小檗碱含量的方法。盐酸小檗碱的进样量在10~100μg/ml范围内呈良好的线性关系(R2=0.9996),平均回收率为102.01%,RSD为0.49%(n=6)。结论本方法专属性强、准确、重现性好,可用于黄连炉甘石洗剂盐酸小檗碱含量的质量控制标准。     

HPLC法同时测定清热通淋片中苦参碱和氧化苦参碱的含量

目的采用反相高效液相色谱法同时测定清热通淋片中苦参碱和氧化苦参碱的含量。方法使用Capcel C18色谱柱（4.6mm×250mm，5μm），流动相为甲醇-磷酸盐缓冲液（PH3.0）（7：93）（磷酸盐缓冲液配制：准确量取磷酸二氢钾3.402g溶解于1000mL水中，用磷酸调PH值至3.0），流速为0.8mL?min-1，检测波长220nm，柱温为40℃。结果苦参碱和氧化苦参碱进样量在0.3118～4.6770μg和0.02976～0.44640μg范围内，线性关系良好；平均回收率（n=6）分别为97.1%和98.4%， RSD分别为0.24%和1.48%。结论本法简便、准确，重复性好，可为清热通淋片的质量控制提供实验依据。     

HPLC测定咳尔康口服液盐酸麻黄碱的含量※

目的建立测试咳尔康口服液中盐酸麻黄碱含量的高效液相方法，并对此方法进行系统的方法学验证，以确保应用该方法测试的结果准确、可靠。方法采用色谱柱：Agilent TC-C18柱（4.6×250mm，5μm，Agilent，美国），流动相：甲醇-0.02mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液（以磷酸调至PH2.5）（5：95），检测波长为210nm。结果盐酸麻黄碱在2.048mg?L-～500mg?L-1范围内线性关系良好，得到线性回归方程为Y=1.0818X＋0.0011，相关系数为0.9993（n=7）；低、中、高浓度的精密度RSD值分别为0.27%、0.76%、0.53%；重复性RSD为0.67%；平均加样回收率为99.31%，RSD为0.90%；供试品溶液室温放置8h稳定。结论本方法测定咳尔康口服液盐酸麻黄碱的含量准确、可靠，操作简单、用时短，可用于咳尔康口服液中盐酸麻黄碱的含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定苯海拉明薄荷霜中盐酸苯海拉明的含量

目的：建立测定苯海拉明薄荷霜中盐酸苯海拉明的含量方法。方法采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）,色谱柱为Phenomenex Luna-CN柱（200.0 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,流动相为乙腈-水-三乙胺（50：50：1）（用冰醋酸调节pH值至6.5）,流速为1.0 ml/min,检测波长为258 nm。结果盐酸苯海拉明在0.0411～0.6170 mg/ml浓度范围内,线性关系良好（r=0.9998）,测得平均回收率为99.28%,RSD为0.81%。结论本方法准确、灵敏、可靠,可用于苯海拉明薄荷霜的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定青鹏软膏中亚大黄的含量

目的建立藏药青鹏软膏中亚大黄的三种蒽醌类成分大黄素、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚的高效液相色谱法(HPLC)含量测定方法。方法 WatersC18色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸(87:13);流速为1.0ml/min,检测波长430nm,柱温为室温。结果大黄素在3.24μg/ml～32.4μg/ml,大黄酚在3.36μg/ml～33.6μg/ml,大黄素甲醚1.78μg/ml～17.8μg/ml浓度范围内均与色谱峰峰面积呈良好的线性关系,相关系数r分别为0.9996、0.9998、0.9991;大黄素、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚的平均回收率分别为98.87%、98.12%、97.67%,RSD分别为1.57%(n=6)、1.81%(n=6)、1.24%(n=6)。结论本方法可同时测定制剂中的大黄素、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚,可用于青鹏软膏的质量控制。     

不同产地桂郁金中吉马酮含量测定

目的 对桂郁金中的有效成分吉马酮进行含量测定,为科学评价和有效控制桂郁金的质量提供实验依据.方法 采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱美国Welch XB-C 18柱（5μm,4.6mm×250mm）,流动相：乙腈-水（70：30）,流速：1mL/min,柱温：35℃,检测波长：210nm,进样量：5μL.结果桂郁金的线性范围为14.9～84.5μg/mL之间,平均回收率为102.8％.结论 该方法稳定线好、可靠,可应用于桂郁金的吉马酮的含量测定.     

HPLC测定小儿七星茶冲剂中槲皮素含量

目的建立小儿七星茶冲剂中槲皮素的测定方法。方法采用HPLC法测定小儿七星茶冲剂中槲皮素的含量。迪马C-18柱（4.6×250mm,5μm）,以甲醇-0.4%磷酸（50：50,PH3.0）为流动相,柱温为室温,流速为1mLmin-1,检测波长为360nm。结果槲皮素在0.009024μg～0.054144μg范围内与其峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r2=0.9998,n=6）,平均回收率为93.91%（RSD=0.91%）。结论该测定方法精密度高,重现性好,可用于小儿七星茶冲剂的质量控制。     

反相高效液相色谱法同时测定复方氨酚烷胺片中4种组分的含量

目的建立采用RP-HPLC同时测定复方氨酚烷胺片中4种组分(对乙酰氨基酚、盐酸金刚烷胺、咖啡因和马来酸氯苯那敏)含量的方法。方法色谱柱为Agilent ZORBAX-C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-0.01mol/l乙酸铵溶液(13:87,PH=3.0)。柱温为30℃,进样量为20μl,流速为1.0ml/min,检测波长为220nm。结果对乙酰氨基酚、盐酸金刚烷胺、咖啡因和马来酸氯苯那敏的线性范围分别为2.05～205.0μg/ml、20.7～517.5μg/ml、5.1～102.0μg/ml、5.2～52.0μg/ml,线性关系良好;该方法的专属性、精密度、稳定性及平均加样回收率均符合分析测定要求。结论本文建立的RP-HPLC法方便快速准确,可用于同时测定复方氨酚烷胺片中4种组分的含量。     

高效液相色谱法(HPLC测定)烟酰胺的含量

目的采用高效液相色谱法测定烟酰胺的含量。方法色谱柱,日本资生堂(A4AD04276)C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);以甲醇:水(35:65)为流动相;流速为:1.0ml/min;检测波长为261nm;柱温:室温。结果烟酰胺在10.0～60.0μg/ml范围内线性关系良好,r=0.9991(n=6);平均回收率为99.0%(n=6)。结论本方法测定烟酰胺含量专属性强、快速、灵敏,结果准确可靠。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

Bayesian estimation of duration models: An application of the multiperiod probit model

The multiperiod probit model is presented and Bayesian estimation using the Gibbs sampler with data augmentation is described. As an empirical illustration, the multiperiod probit model is then used to estimate a duration model using employment duration data for the Canadian province of New Brunswick. Bayesian estimation with unobserved heterogeneity is shown to be a simple extension of estimation of a duration model with no unobserved heterogeneity. More importantly, perhaps, some numerical problems encountered by other authors using Maximum Likelihood are avoided.I would like to thank M. Baker, G. Koop, A. Melino and D. Poirier for helpful comments and discussions. I would also like to thank M. Baker for providing his data.     

Scenarios and creativity: Thinking in new boxes

To be creative and make change happen, leaders must do more than simply ‘think outside the box’, as the traditional business manuals suggest, using the popular American expression. After all, the space outside the box is infinitely expansive. Moreover, there can be no guarantee that a solution to the problem will be found. The answer: ‘Think in new boxes.’ This requires developing the right new box; in other words, useful new models, a helpful new approach to a problem. That is the real art of practical creativity. This short article outlines the approach (Thinking in New Boxes) and its application to classic scenario planning with a few examples. The authors also present the ‘Expressway to Scenarios’, an approach that wins in impact and practicality what it loses in deep analysis, by having top executives involved in key steps.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

How chaebol restructuring after the 1997 crisis has affected corporate decision and performance in Korea: debt financing,ownership structure,and investment

ABSTRACT

Korean chaebol firms, characterized by excessive debt financing and overinvestment, experienced restructuring after the 1997 crisis. By reducing debt financing and thus overinvestment, they tried to reorganize financing structure and ownership structure. Chaebols’ debt reduction turns out to have improved performance. However, polarization between chaebol and non-chaebol firms has become more significant. Even after the crisis, firms that give higher cash flows to a controlling shareholder take more capital investment, indicating that agency problems still exist within chaebols. Chaebol-affiliated firms continue to be more active in R&D than non-chaebol firms. However, the pattern is limited to the group of top 10 chaebols after the crisis.

Abbreviations: KFTC: Korea Fair Trade Commission     

On the Role of Paradigms in Understanding Economic Globalization

Any adequate analysis of economic globalization necessarily requires fundamental understanding of the worldviews underlying the views expressed with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization. This paper is based on the premise that any worldview can be associated with one of the four basic paradigms: functionalist, interpretive, radical humanist, and radical structuralist. It argues that any view expressed with respect to economic globalization is based on one of the four paradigms or worldviews. It, therefore, discusses four views with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization which correspond to the four broad worldviews. The paper emphasizes that the four views expressed are equally scientific and informative; they look at the nature and role of economic globalization from a certain paradigmatic viewpoint. Emphasizing this example in the area of economic globalization, the paper concludes that there are opportunities for each paradigm to benefit from contributions coming from the other three paradigms.     

A Humean theory of choice of which rationality may be one consequence

For the reader who considers economic theory of choice as a special case of a more general theory of action, Hume's discussion of the determinants of action in the Treatise of Human Nature (1739?–?40), in the Enquiry on Human Understanding (1748) and in the Dissertation on Passions (1757) deserves attention. However, according to some modern commentators, Hume does not seem to have given any evidence that would favour what nowadays we would consider as the kind of rationality involved in modern theories of rational choice. On the contrary, this paper arrives at the conclusion that consistency between preferences and choice, like the usual properties of completeness and transitivity, may be considered as outcomes of a mental process, described by means of a decision algorithm that aims to represent Hume's theory of choice.     

The concept of freedom and its relation to economic development--a critical appreciation of the work of Amartya Sen

Following a brief review of the conception of freedom as employedin economic discourse, this paper focuses on the evolution ofthe concept of freedom in the work of Amartya Sen. It tracesthe development of Sen's thought from the capability analysisof the late 1970s to his more recent separation of freedom intoits opportunity and process aspects. While broadly appreciativeof Sen's development of the concept of positive freedom, thepaper identifies some difficulties arising from his definitionof capability as a set of options as well as from his separationof the opportunity and process aspects of freedom. Aspects ofthe relationship between Sen's conception of freedom and thatof Marx are discussed briefly in the context of Sen's recentdiscussion of the market as a source of freedom.