Study on the planning principles of urban forest

The urban forest is the main body for the urban forestry management. There are not unified rules and standards for the planning of the urban forest yet in China. This paper discusses the planning principles of the urban forest： the priority of the ecological function, the adaptation to local condilions, the optimization in the whole system, the mutual dependence of forest and city, the culturecontinuance and recreation satisfaction, sustainable development and operability, etc. This paper takes Changsha as an example to elaborate the planning principles of the urban forest. Firstly, Changsba urban forest ecosphere is composed of the eco-garden, the round-the-city forest belt, the ecological isolation belt, the green channel, the landscape of the rivers and streams, the forest park, the biodiversity reserve and the eco-forest in suburb area. It aims to make every kind of ecological essential factors organically merge into the complex city ecosystem to build an eco-city, to strengthen the connection of wide-open space with various habitats spots, to promote resident＇s accessibility, to perfect landscape ecology, and to make full use of the ecological function of urban forest. When we construct the urban forest, we must optimize the comprehensive benefit and make the urban forest structure and the layout in the best condition in order to buiM the harmonious green city for both man and nature to realize the whole optimization of the city system by the complex functions of the urban forest in ecology, environmental protection, landscape, recreation, etc.     

Development pattern of the industry form in mountains area： a case study of the Three Gorges Reservoir area

The mountainous areas （mountain, plateau and hilly area ） cover than 85% of total land territory of China.Nature and humanity in very mountainous ares has its own geographic characteristics.In the process of industrialization and urbanization in China, realizing the sustainable development of the mouniainous areas, optimizing man-land system, and adopting and continuously developing corresponding economic modes of the mountainous areas with multi-functions of economy, ecalogy, culture and society to chararacterize production content, mode of production. mode of operation is not only helpful to econonty, society and ecological value and is of great aesthetic value,but also solve the technological problems of the subject of starting undertaking to finally transform the regional resource advantage of the mountainous area into the advantage of capital and technology for economic development and to get rid of the contradiction between underdeveloped economy and abundant resources. This paper takes the Three Gorges Reservoir（TGR） area for example to show that it＇s of great practical and theoretical significance ,regional distribution,variety structure and quality structure.     

Measuring economic loss caused by ecological damages： a case study of China＇s forest ecosystem in 2005

At present about 60% of ecosystem has been damaged and degraded severely, resulting in enormous ecological loss globally. The essential cause is the irrational utilization of ecosystem by humankind, so it is tire key to changing improper environmental performance of humankind so as to prevent ecosystem from being damaged The quantitative valuation on the loss of ecological damage is an effective tool to guide human eco-environmental performance. In this paper, the concepts related to the valuation on ecological damage cost are introduced,＂ uncertainties that might arise in the valuation on the loss of ecological damage such as area coverage of valuation, ecological damage quantity, borders of ecological damage cost and data support are analyzed and the valuation approaches for the loss of ecological damage are also discussed As a case study, the economic losses of ecological damage of forest in 2005 in China are valuated.     

Circular economy indicators to evaluate regional development： A case study of Tianjin municipality

With the aim of the harmonious development of economy-environment system in Tianjin Municipality, an index system used to evaluate the circular economy （CE） is presented in this paper. The index system consists of the index of economy development, green development, human and culture development. According to the evaluation results, this paper brings forward the countermeasures including industry structure adjustment, improving city infrastructure system, increasing the level of habitation environment, establishing the system of green social consumption to improve the development of circular economy in Tianjin.     

Chongqing ETDZ to Be the Best in Western China

The Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone (CETDZ) was set up in the early 1990s and, in 1994, became the first state-level development zone in western China with approval of the State Council, China's highest governing body. The CETDZ comprises two parts - the 9.6 square kilometer north part, where infrastructure development has been completed, and the 83.7 square kilometer south part, where infrastructure development is under full swing. The south part of the CETDZ lies in the Nanping District of Chongqing Municipality, on the bank of the Yangtze River. It is     

Comprehensive evaluation of regional ecological security for land use: a case study of Yanchi County, Ningxia Province

As an abstract study conception, most researches of ecological security generally are macro-scale theoretical study with a regional, national or global perspective. Micro-scale research mainly concentrates on ecological risk, ecosystem health and ecosystem safety. In order to assess regional ecological security and to accomplish the transition from micro-scale to macro-scale research, a Driving-Function-State-Output-Respond model framework （DFSOR model） is put forward in this paper according to the analyses on regional population, society, economy resources, environment and ecological risks＇. In empirical research an index system is set out to evaluate ecological security of land use. The DFSOR model comprises five group of indicators： （1） driving indicators, which include social population pressure and economic pressure; （2）function indicators, which include human function, hydrodynamic function, wind function and gravity.function; （3） state indicators, which include soil resources, water resources and land use/land cover; （4） output indicators, which include production output and ecological risk output; （5） response indicators, which are composed of all sorts of policies and measures for improving production of ecosystem. The method and procedure for ecological security evaluation is put forward based on DFSOR model as well. In the case study, Yanchi, the ecotone between agriculture and animal husbandry, is chosen for the study. An index system is built to evaluate ecological security based on the evaluation of regional ecological risks which including sandification, water erosion, soil salinization, soil pollution and shortage of water. The comprehensive evaluation result shows the regional ecological security index of land use in the research area increase obviously. But it is still in the state of low-graded danger.     

Research on the human resource development of the Three Gorges Region, China

The Three Gorgers＇ Region （TGR） is an economic region of China, and lies in the western part of Yangtze economic belt. It takes the Three Gorges Project as leading. Chongqing and Yichang City as main body, the Three Gorges Reservoir as ligament. It covers about 700 km of the Yangtze River valley from Chongqing to Yichang, including Chongqing City, Yichang City and Enshi District of Hubei Province. Since the construction of Three Gorges Project and establishment of Chongqing as municipality directly under the Central Government. the regional economy, culture, education, technology, etc., all developed harmoniously and rapidly, and the diathesis of the rgional human resources also got an exaltation. While compared with the eastern region of China. the economy, science and technology in this region still fall behind, and the current situation is of no optimism. Based on the theory of human resources development, this paper analyzes current situation and problems in the human resources development oJ the TGR, and puts forward the countermeasures such as planning human resources development program based on ＂anaphase support＂policy,developing echucation and training husiness,reasonably organizing labor export,etc.     

Tourism spatial reconstruction of Chengde City under the influence of Holiday Tourism Circle of Beijing

Holiday Tourism Circle of Beijing （HTCB） is one of the nine key regions of Chinese tourism industry in the period of the 11^th Five-Year Project. According to Tourist Marginal Utility Theory, Time-Distance Method is used to define HTCB in this paper. Chengde City, famous for its cultural tourism, is regard as one of the regions in Holiday Tourism Circle of Beijing. And this geographical advantage, in the context of the boom of tourism in China, is featured by the changes of tourist product structure and development model. In this paper, the influence upon Chengde tourism spatial structure has been discussed from tourist market, location and transportation. Chengde tourism spatial structure has been rebuilt with particular references to the factors of tourism destination district, tourist area, nodes, routes, and origin markets. In this paper, Chengde will develop tourism industry with the central heritage area as the center and northern forest and pasture area and southern mountain and lake area as the two wings.     

Emergy evaluation of the artificial forest ecosystems in the watershed of Miyun Reservoir：a case study for ecosystems valuation and environmental management

To build the artificial forest ecosystem is the major eco-economic development model in the watershed of Miyun Reservoir. It is very important to evaluate the benefits of those ecosystems. Emergy theories are very helpful for us to establish a science-based assessment framework. Emergy evaluation of the artificial forest ecosystems in the watershed of Miyun Reservoir is used to asses the relative values of several ecological functions （sometimes called ecosystem services） and main ecosystem storages （sometimes called natural capital）. The main driving energies, internal processes and storages are evaluated. The main functions, including transpiration, GPP and infiltration, are evaluated, which are 609em$/ha/yr, 6,245em$/ha/yr and 340em$/ha/yr respectively. The total values of major environmental services are 4,683em$/ha/yr in the artificial forest ecosystem. The main storages of natural capital including live biomass, soil moisture, organic matter, underground water and landform are estimated, which are 112,028em$/ha, 9em$/ha, 40,718em$/ha, 34em$/ha and 6,400,514em$/ha respectively. The largest value is landform, which accounts for 97.7% of these calculated total emdollar values. The concept of replacement value is explored using the emergy values of both ecosystem services and natural capital. The total calculated replacement values are 302,160em$/ha.     

Collaboration mechanism of intercity emergency rescue ecosystem

With the development of metropolitan regions and the appearance of urban agglomerations, cities have been more closely related. For the restricted emergency rescue resource in a single city, it has become more and more imminent for the demand of the intercity collaborative resistance to major accident, so as to improve the protection capacity of urban security. In order to find an effective intercity, emergency rescue collaborative system, this paper introduces the concept and analysis method of ecosystem theory into intercity emergency, rescue. Based on the analysis of the formation-process of emergency rescue individual, population and community： a throe-level intercity emergency rescue collaborative system is constructed according to the characteristics of dynamics and structure of intercity emergency rescue ecosystem then the collaboration mechanism of information, resource and process in the interceity emergency rescue ecosystem is also studied in this paper; so as to offer available strategy and method for the ecosystem theory applied to intercity, emergency rescue. Through the studies of intereity emergency rescue ecosystem. it illuminates that the proposed emergency system can not Only cope with the major accident more timely and effectively but also integrate the intercity information resources and emergency rescue resource and process optimization.     

三峡人居空间景观的生态特质及启示

三峡人居空间景观的生态特质是库区可持续发展的 基础保障,科学总结其生态经验,对“后三峡时期”库区人居 环境建设具有重要借鉴意义。通过对其山水环境、簇群人居、 滨江岸线和多维绿地4个方面景观生态特质的提炼,分析三峡 人居景观与特殊自然环境的系统耦合关系,识别山水关联、簇 群交错、蓝绿网络、复合格局主导的景观生态模式与特征。结 合三峡山地环境条件,提出景观格局规划优化途径,包括维育 山水生态活力、保护簇群核心生境、修复山地蓝绿景观,以及 管控生态要素体系。研究结果可为库区人居景观建设提供规划 方法和管控建议,以期实现生态文明语境下三峡人居空间景观 探索的地域性理论价值。     

重庆市生态农业建设成效与发展对策

重庆市生态农业建设试点示范已扩大到15个区县(市)，成功地创建了城市郊区、丘陵平坝区、中低山区、三峡库区四大区域生态农业建设模式，取得了良好的经济、生态、社会三大效益，促进了生态、经济的良性循环。但重庆市生态农业建设，仍面临生态环境脆弱、贫困面大、基础设施差、移民任务重、人地矛盾突出等严峻问题，就此提出了7大对策。     

三峡库区发展低碳经济的思路与对策

从资源环境的角度分析了三峡库区发展低碳经济的紧迫性以及低碳经济之路面临的诸多压力与挑战。提出了三峡库区助推森林重庆、促进低碳经济发展、构建生态文明社会的政策建议。     

让自然做工：自然过程主导的太原城市生态系统修复

城市生态问题是基于不健康的人地关系所导致的，人口膨胀、城市扩张和资源性产业过度是导致城市生态问题的具体动力。城市生态修复是对城市生态关系的修复，通过城市生态系统分析诊断生态问题形成的关键关系和根本动因，通过积极有限的干预，协调自然过程的相关变量，建立自然过程主导的城市生态系统修复框架和路径，让自然做工。以太原市城市生态修复为例，探索建立以山地绿量为关键调节变量，通过绿量的快速提升修复冷岛效应、水源涵养效应、坡地风效应、建立“水绿共举，复绿养水，水绿孕城”的系统理念，实现城市系统整体格局修复、山地修复、水体与水系统修复、城市森林与绿地修复和棕地的系统修复。     

三峡库区湖岸带经济开发与保护对策研究

三峡库区湖岸带是水生生态经济和陆地生态系统的交换地带，因此是十分重要的生态脆弱带。对库区湖岸带的经济开发，必须根据库区湖岸带的自然地理条件，加强湖岸带的生态稳定的建设和环境保护。对库区 岸带的保护，就是对库区湖岸环境的保护和对库区水体的保护，也是对整个库区生态的保护，在库区湖岸带经济开发中，湖岸带保护应该十分重视，本文在分析三峡加区湖岸带经济开发条件的基础上，提出了生态保护的建议。     

城市道路绿地的生态安全设计初探

城市道路绿地作为城市园林绿地的一部分,对改善城市生态环境起着很大的作用,是城市生态系统的有机组成部分。综述道路绿地对城市整体环境的影响与联系的基础上,提出了生态园林与生态安全园林的概念,总结了城市道路绿地的功能及生态作用,从植物景观、开放空间、种群多样性、可持续设计几方面论述了城市道路绿地生态安全设计的方法,并提出相应对策。生态安全园林的建设是城市生态安全建设的重点,也是城市发展的必然,这不仅是人类社会的需求,也是设计者的社会责任的充分体现。     

浅论三峡库区农村移民致富问题

三峡移民工作正处于三、四期攻坚阶段,移民工作的重点正由“搬得出”逐步转向“稳得住,逐步能致富”。重庆市万州区武陵镇是一个移民大镇,农村移民的致富问题,在三峡库区具有典型性和代表性。     

基于社会网络分析方法的南京主城 边缘带绿色空间景观系统评估

：中国国土空间发展正经历着一系列变革。城市边缘 区的绿色空间体系作为城市与乡村之间过渡地带的自然资源要 素,不仅承担着区域居民日常休闲的功能,还具有连续城乡生 态系统、调控环境韧性能力等多重功能。以南京主城边缘带绿 色空间景观系统为例,运用社会网络分析方法对南京绿色空间 系统进行评估。系统评价从个体、局部和整体3个空间尺度展 开。个体对每个景观斑块的中心性进行计算得到整个系统的 核心要素,局部考察景观系统的层级结构,整体则从系统完 备性和结构稳定性出发进行综合评估。通过对系统3个不同空 间尺度的分析与评估,探索城市边缘区绿色空间健康发展的 有效途径。     

三峡库区移民安置生态村镇系统建设设想

本文针对三峡库区自然环境承载力弱,而三峡库区移民的重点和难点又是农村的实际问题,提出了建立三峡库区生态村镇系统的设想,为三峡库区移民安置指出了一个新的方向。三峡库区生态村镇系统的具体内容包括生态农业、庭院经济、生态农户、生态村。本文最后建议在大宁河大昌镇和双龙镇建设生态村镇体系的试点工作。