中国工业TFP的新产品动能变化研究

本文在运用全局曼奎斯特(Malmquist)生产率指数测算新产品全要素生产率及其分组技术效率和技术进步的基础上,首次对2001—2010年中国大中型工业行业TFP的新产品动能变化及其数量效应变化和效率效应变化进行研究。研究结果表明:中国工业新产品全要素生产率主要来自于技术进步,技术效率的作用很小;新产品全要素生产率低于TFP,中国工业TFP主要依靠老产品驱动;整体上中国工业TFP的新产品动能增长基本停滞;2008年后,TFP新产品动能的数量效应和效率效应双双提升,技术进步的新产品动能实现了较快增长,技术效率的新产品动能有所下降;企业规模、非国有企业占比对于TFP的新产品动能增长没有显著影响,FDI有抑制作用,出口和R&D投入则有促进作用。     

R&D资本、异质型人力资本与全要素生产率——基于空间相关性和区域异质性的实证分析

鉴于2000—2016年省级R&D资本和异质型人力资本存在显著的空间相关性以及区域异质性特征,采用不同空间权重矩阵建立空间杜宾面板回归模型,实证分析地区R&D资本和异质型人力资本影响全要素生产率的空间特征。研究发现:从空间相关性来看,R&D资本和中级人力资本对本省市和相邻省市的全要素生产率和技术进步均产生显著的正向促进作用,说明两者引致的空间溢出效应要强于空间竞争效应;高级人力资本对本省市的全要素生产率和技术进步均产生显著的正向促进作用,而对相邻省市均产生显著的负面影响,即其引致的空间竞争效应显著强于空间溢出效应。从区域异质性来看,R&D资本和高级人力资本分别对东部地区的全要素生产率产生显著的正向促进作用;中级人力资本在东部和中西部地区均对技术进步产生显著的消极影响。     

国际贸易、R&D溢出和生产率增长

本文采用6种计算外国R&D资本的方法和国际R&D溢出回归方法,首次就国际R&D溢出对中国工业行业的技术进步增长、技术效率增长和全要素生产率增长的影响作了实证分析。我们从这6种方法的比较中发现:当采用有缺陷的两种方法时,得到国际R&D溢出系数显著为负或者溢出系数为正,但不显著的结论;而采用其他的四种方法,能得到国际R&D溢出系数显著为正的结论。因此,从计算方法本身及其结论的比较来看,通过国际贸易渠道的R&D溢出促进了中国工业行业的技术进步、技术效率及全要素生产率增长的结论更可靠。同时发现在大部分情况下国内本行业R&D与其他行业R&D对行业技术进步、技术效率和全要素生产率的增长起阻碍作用。因此,加强与R&D投入比重较高的发达国家的国际贸易以及提高国内自身的R&D效率显得很有必要。     

基于面板数据的制造业国际R&D溢出及生产率增长途径分析

为了检验产业自身科技水平对制造业国际R&D溢出效应及产业生产率提高途径的影响,根据1999—2004年产业R&D平均投入强度,将制造业划分为高、中、低技术产业,然后基于DEA对其全要素生产率变化、技术效率变化和技术进步变化指数进行测算,最后实证检验了国内本产业、国内其它产业、国外本产业R&D资本对上述3类产业全要素生产率变化、技术效率变化和技术进步变化的不同影响。结果表明:国外R&D资本对高技术企业存在显著的正向技术溢出效应,而对于中、低技术产业来说,本产业R&D资本是生产率提高的主要来源。根据上述分析结果,对我国的产业研发投入、国际贸易政策的制定提出了建议。     

国际贸易、技术进步和中国工业行业的生产率增长

新贸易理论认为,国际贸易是技术进步的重要原因。本文采用DEA方法将中国32个工业行业的全要素生产率增长分解为技术效率和技术进步的增长,分别就出口和进口对生产率增长的影响作了实证分析。我们发现,在1998-2003年期间,工业行业的全要素生产率增长的原因主要是各行业的技术进步增长,而不是技术效率的提高;贸易开放度高的行业并不比贸易开放度低的行业具有更高的技术效率和规模效率;出口和生产率增长的关系不显著;但进口显著地促进了工业行业的全要素生产率增长和技术进步的增长。所以,调整中国的进、出口贸易模式显得很有必要。     

外商在华直接投资区域聚集非均衡性的实证研究

新贸易理论认为,国际贸易是技术进步的重要原因。本文采用DEA方法将中国32个工业行业的全要素生产率增长分解为技术效率和技术进步的增长,分别就出口和进口对生产率增长的影响作了实证分析。我们发现,在1998—2003年期间,工业行业的全要素生产率增长的原因主要是各行业的技术进步增长,而不是技术效率的提高;贸易开放度高的行业并不比贸易开放度低的行业具有更高的技术效率和规模效率;出口和生产率增长的关系不显著;但进口显著地促进了工业行业的全要素生产率增长和技术进步的增长。所以,调整中国的进、出口贸易模式显得很有必要。     

财政分权与绿色全要素生产率——基于系统GMM及门槛效应的检验

财政分权对绿色增长的有力支持是实现新时代下经济结构调整的重要保障。文章选择2000—2015年29个省(自治区、市)的面板数据,采用系统矩估计和门槛效应模型探讨财政分权对绿色全要素生产率及其技术进步和技术效率的影响。研究表明:(1)全国及东部地区的财政分权对绿色全要素生产率及其技术进步存在显著的抑制作用,而对技术效率存在显著的促进作用;中部地区的财政分权对绿色全要素生产率及其技术进步存在显著的促进作用,而对技术效率存在显著的抑制作用;西部地区的财政分权对该绿色全要素生产率及其技术进步和技术效率存在显著的抑制作用。(2)财政分权对绿色全要素生产率及其技术进步和技术效率存在显著的门槛效应。最后,依据实证结论提出政策启示。     

金融发展与全要素生产率增长* ——基于中国省际面板数据的实证分析

本文以2000-2012年中国省际平衡面板数据为样本,从金融规模发展和金融效率发展两个维度衡量金融发展水平,实证检验金融发展与全要素生产率增长的联系以及中间渠道。研究结果发现,2000-2012年中国全要素生产率出现正增长且主要是由技术进步推动的;无论是从金融规模发展角度还是从金融效率发展角度去分析,都证实了金融发展显著地促进了全要素生产率的增长,金融效率发展的全要素生产率增长效应显著地高于金融发展规模的全要素生产率增长效应,且金融发展促进全要素生产率增长的中间渠道是技术进步效应而非技术效率增长效应;通过引入衡量金融发展缺陷程度指标（民间金融发展规模）,证实了中国金融发展体系效率低下。民间金融发展具有TFP增长效应,且民间金融发展TFP增长效应要显著地大于正规金融发展的TFP增长效应。     

我国工业行业技术分解测度与技术溢出渠道分析

首先构建了行业内研发、行业间研发和进出口贸易所带来的技术溢出对技术进步、技术效率及全要素生产率影响的计量模型,然后使用数据包络分析法(DEA)计算了我国工业行业效率指数、技术进步指数和表示全要素生产率的Malquist指数,最后使用我国工业行业数据对计量模型进行了估计。结果表明,国内本行业研发和国内其他行业研发提升本行业技术进步指数的同时降低了行业效率指数,行业内研发对全要素生产率的贡献为正,而行业间研发对全要素生产率的贡献不显著,进口和出口对生产效率的提高无显著作用,对技术进步产生了正向的溢出,进口对全要素生产率的贡献为正,而出口对全要素生产率的贡献不显著。     

低碳约束下中国全要素生产率的时空演变——基于Sequential Malmquist-Luenberger生产率指数分解方法

在全要素框架下运用基于连续前沿的Malmquist-Luenberger生产率增长指数方法,估算了1987—2009年中国28个省(自治区、直辖市)的低碳全要素生产率、技术进步和效率改善,对中国低碳全要素生产率的总体发展、区域差异进行实证分析。然后,利用核密度估计,对累积相对低碳全要素生产率增长、累积相对技术进步和累积相对效率改善做分布动态演进分析。结果表明:考察期内中国整体的低碳全要素生产率趋于上升,但上升幅度逐渐减小;东、中、西三大区域的低碳全要素生产率存在显著差异,呈东高西低的增长格局;东、中部地区的低碳全要素生产率提升是技术进步和效率改善共同推进的结果;西部地区的低碳全要素生产率提升仅靠技术进步驱动,效率改善存在退步迹象;省际间的低碳全要素生产率呈一定程度的"俱乐部收敛"特征,技术进步有明显的"追赶效应"。     

Productivity growth in passenger-bus transportation: A heteroskedastic error component model with unbalanced panel data

This paper considers an econometric approach to measure total factor productivity (TFP) growth and technical change (TC) for 31 publicly-owned passenger-bus companies in India during 1983–1987. A translog variable cost function is used to represent the production technology. Firm heterogeneity is incorporated in the cost function using an error component model with firm-specific variances. TFP growth is decomposed into TC and economies of scale components. The TC component is further decomposed into pure, non-neutral, scale, and quasi-fixed factors/network components. An ownership group-wise comparison reveals that the public undertakings exhibit the highest rate of productivity growth, followed by the units operated by the state and local governments. The main source of TFP growth for the public undertakings and government-operated units is economies of scale, while the main source of falling TFP growth for corporations is technological regress.     

Technical change and total factor productivity growth: The case of Chinese provinces

In the literature technical change (TC) is mostly assumed to be exogenous and specified as a function of the time trend or time dummies. However, some exogenous external factors other than time can also affect TC. In this paper we model TC via time trend (external non-economic) as well as other exogenous (external economic) factors (technology shifters). For this we define technology indices based on the external economic factors and the time trend. The specification of production function is then amended to accommodate these technology indices which are not necessarily separable from the traditional inputs. That is, these technology indices allow for non-neutral shift in the production function. In doing so we are able to decompose TC (a component of TFP change) into two parts. One part is driven by time and the other part is related to producer-specific external economic factors. The latter can further be decomposed into each external economic factors. The empirical model uses panel data on Chinese provinces. We identify a number of key technology shifters and their effect on technical change and TFP growth of provinces are examined.     

中国高新区绩效的时空演化及贸易溢出效应研究

采用基于DEA的Malmquist指数及VAR模型研究了我国52个国家级高新区1996-2009年的绩效演进情况,并对相应的贸易溢出效应进行了研究。结果表明：①高新区TFP指数呈上升趋势,其中,“增长效应”在发展初期对于高新区绩效的贡献较为突出,而在后期则是“追赶效应”的贡献更加显著。②东部高新区TC指数要高于中西部地区,而Ec指数要弱于中西部高新区。③高新技术产品产业内贸易的活跃无法显著提升高新区的绩效,而劳动力的比较优势和汇率条件的作用比较显著。高新区应该充分利用既有优势,通过吸引关键技术等手段提高国际竞争力。     

Barriers to Capital Accumulation and Aggregate Total Factor Productivity*

I develop a growth model where a single good can be produced with a traditional and a modern technology. The traditional technology features low total factor productivity (TFP) and a low share of reproducible capital. In this framework, barriers to capital accumulation affect technology use and therefore aggregate TFP. The theory thus connects recent models of factor accumulation and of TFP. The model is calibrated by interpreting traditional production as agriculture and nonreproducible capital as land. The theory implies that barriers are associated with large agricultural shares, as supported by cross‐country and time‐series evidence. The required TFP differences needed in the model to account for a given income disparity are reduced by 1/2 relative to the standard model that abstracts from technology choice.     

中国省区TFP测算及影响因素分析

本文依据1998 -2007年中国28个省区的相关数据,采用修正索洛模型和随机前沿模型测算了中国省区历年的全要素生产率水平和增长率,并利用静态和动态面板数据模型检验了R&D、人力资本、进口、出口以及外商直接投资对我国省区全要素生产率的影响.结果显示,我国省区全要素生产率水平总体呈上升趋势,而增长率则趋于下降,并且地区差距明显.地区间R&D、出口、人力资本对我国省区全要素生产率水平的提高具有显著的正向作用,而外商直接投资和进口的正向作用并不明显;出口对中国省区全要素生产率增长率的提高有明显促进作用,而进口则对其具有明显的阻碍作用,R&D、人力资本及外商直接投资对全要素生产率增长率的提高虽有促进作用,但它们在静态和动态面板数据模型中的显著性则有所差异;另外,研究还发现,中国省区全要素生产率具有显著的“滞后效应”.     

Is there a trade-off between procyclicality and revisions in EC trend TFP estimations?

Potential output constitutes a central measure to determine compliance of the member states with the EU fiscal rules. The EU uses a production function approach to estimate potential output. In a Kalman filter model together with a Bayesian approach TFP is decomposed into a trend and a cycle. The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between two widely discussed issues of the EC estimate of potential output, procyclicality and the extent of revisions. Procyclicality of the TFP trend depends on the prior assumptions for the residual variance of the TFP cycle equation. Exploiting this, simulations over increasing values of the priors of the residual variance of the TFP cycle equation are run for eight EU countries, leading to decreasing procyclicality of TFP trend estimates. Procyclicality of the estimated TFP trend reduces the standard error of revisions for half of the countries considered, while it implies an increase for the other countries or has no effect. Thus there is a trade-off between procyclicality of the TFP trend and the revision error, but it is not so clear cut. The standard errors of revisions of real-time estimates of the TFP trend as a criterion of model selection could improve forecasts additionally to the marginal likelihood value employed by the EC.     

Policy distortions and aggregate productivity with heterogeneous establishments

We formulate a version of the growth model in which production is carried out by heterogeneous establishments and calibrate it to US data. In the context of this model we argue that differences in the allocation of resources across establishments that differ in productivity may be an important factor in accounting for cross-country differences in output per capita. In particular, we show that policies which create heterogeneity in the prices faced by individual producers can lead to sizeable decreases in output and measured total factor productivity (TFP) in the range of 30 to 50 percent. We show that these effects can result from policies that do not rely on aggregate capital accumulation or aggregate relative price differences. More generally, the model can be used to generate differences in capital accumulation, relative prices, and measured TFP.     

Understanding TFP growth in inland regions of China: an empirical study of the effects of three factors

In this paper, we empirically examine the potential effects of international openness, domestic coastal-inland market integration, and human capital accumulation on TFP growth in inland provinces in China. By using a nonlinear technique as our main regression approach as well as an extended GMM method as robustness checks, we show that human capital accumulation plays an important role in promoting TFP growth in the inland provinces. Our results support the argument that the most important contribution of human capital to income growth lies not in its static, direct effect as an accumulable factor in the production function, but in its dynamic role in promoting TFP growth. Our regression results also provide evidence for the positive roles international openness and domestic coastal-inland market integration play in promoting TFP growth in inland provinces in China.     

Be productive or face decline. On the sources and determinants of output growth in Italian manufacturing firms

This article investigates the sources and determinants of output growth of Italian manufacturing firms. Applying stochastic frontier techniques, we decompose output growth into factor accumulation and TFP growth for the period 1998–2003. TFP growth is further decomposed into technological change, efficiency change and scale effects. Two key results emerge from the analysis. After confirming that both input accumulation and TFP growth are important in explaining output growth, we show that efficiency change (technological catch-up) is the most significant component of TFP growth in explaining output growth distribution. Furthermore, using a specific model of the asymmetric error component, we find that R&D spillovers, banking efficiency and public infrastructures have statistically significant and economically relevant effects on technological catch-up.