知识生产、创新与研发投资回报

关于现实经济支持哪种类型的知识生产函数一直是一个有争议的问题,知识生产函数的性质不同决定了经济发展特征也可能存在较大差异。基于内生增长理论关于知识生产函数的基本设定,本文首先给出了一个扩张形式的知识生产函数,而后根据1998—2007年我国31个省份的数据,通过面板数据模型考察了我国知识生产函数的性质。研究发现,相对于Romer（1990）类型的知识生产函数而言,我国现实经济更支持Jones（1995）类型的知识生产函数,这说明我国知识生产中没有规模效应（scaleeffect）。在此基础上,根据Jonesand Williams（1998）的方法,本文进一步估算了我国研发投资的回报率以及最优研发投资规模。研究发现,我国现实经济的研发投资回报率要高于资本投资的回报率,最优研发投资规模比实际研发投资规模更大。     

政府和企业对产业共性技术两种研发投资类型的比例研究

基于产业共性技术研发在新形势下经济转型升级中的战略意义以及共性技术研发投资的“死亡谷”效应,构建了政府和企业两个投资主体、预研投资和研发投资两种投资类型的柯布道格拉斯生产函数（CD生产函数）投资博弈模型。通过最优反应函数求解,得到不同政府预算占比情况下共性技术研发投资的纳什均衡,探索了政府和企业对两种投资的最优比例,并通过案例分析验证了模型的有效性。结果发现,政府在产业共性技术投资供给中更倾向于预研投资,企业在产业共性技术投资供给中更倾向于研发投资;政府应根据产业发展不同阶段,适时调整功能定位,针对产业共性技术研发投资,动态调整支持方式和支持力度。     

我国公共投资规模效率实证分析

我国公共投资规模连年扩大,改善了生活环境和生产条件,但是否存在投资过度的风险?本文运用生产函数模型分析了公共投资规模效率存在的条件,使用协整的方法分析了大口径和小口径公共投资规模的最优规模,得出我国公共投资规模不足的结论。     

政府研发投资与长期经济增长

本文在一个资本积累和创新相互作用的增长框架中引入政府研发投资,考察了政府研发投资对经济增长的影响。通过分析知道,政府研发投资通过影响休闲劳动选择、消费投资(包括物质资本积累和研发投资)选择,从而影响经济增长;政府研发投资规模越大,经济增长率越高。本文还就我国1980—2006年间政府研发投资对经济增长的影响进行了实证研究。通过协整检验,发现我国政府研发投资与经济增长之间存在长期均衡关系,政府研发投资可以促进经济增长。此外,本文发现政府研发投资对民间物质资本投资和民间人力资本投资也有直接的促进作用。     

我国知识生产投入产出关系的动态分析

知识生产和创新是促进技术进步和经济增长的重要因素。企业通过R&D投入可以生产出新知识,知识积累形成知识存量,知识存量又推动了技术进步,并进一步引致经济增长。基于新增长理论关于知识生产函数的基本设定,本文首先给出了一个扩张形式的知识生产函数,而后根据我国现实经济数据,在向量自回归的框架下通过脉冲响应函数和方差分解考察了各类因素对我国知识生产的影响。研究表明,R&D经费、R&D人员和知识存量对我国知识生产具有显著的促进作用;外商直接投资和进口对我国知识生产的促进作用不显著。本文认为,应采取切实措施鼓励企业增加R&D投入,同时增加政府财政支出中R&D投入的力度。     

我国创业投资的回报率及其影响因素

基于1999年到2003年间我国56个本土创业投资退出项目的数据,本文对我国创业投资退出项目的投资回报率及其影响因素进行了实证研究。结果表明:(1)国有创业投资机构退出项目的平均投资回报率显著低于非国有创业投资机构;(2)创业投资机构的资本规模与回报率呈显著负相关关系;(3)上海、深圳两地创业投资机构退出项目的回报率显著高于其他地区;(4)本土创业投资机构的从业时间、投资规模、投资周期、退出方式均与回报率没有显著相关关系。本文在此基础上提出了相关的政策建议。     

中国投资函数的实证分析

投资函数模型,是对投资行为的描述,也是对影响投资规模的因素的分析。对投资函数的研究,实质是对投资规模制约方程的研究,也就是研究如何确定适度的投资规模。而投资规模的大小、投资规模是否适度,又直接决定了投资规模效益的高低。投资与经济增长之间相互依存、相互制约的关系也表明,投资规模是否合理、适度,是影响经济稳定运行的一个重要因素。因此,研究影响投资规模的诸因素,确定合理、适度的投资规模具有重大的理论意义和实践意义。本文以我国改革开放以来的数据为样本,建立了固定资产投资总额模型、资金来源多样化条件下的固定资产投资函数模型和投资主体多元化条件下的固定资产投资函数模型,对改革开放以来制约我国投资规模的因素作了实证分析。     

好莱坞大片投资回报率的实证分析

在对全球票房排名前30名的好莱坞大片的投资规模、票房收入、票房分成等数据进行分析的基础上,利用Eviews5.1软件得出好莱坞大片投资回报率的线性计量模型,并对模型进行分析。好莱坞大片的票房收入比投资规模对投资回报率的影响更为直接,从中得到关于国产电影发展方面的启示,国产电影要尽力扩大国内外票房收入,尤其是国外收入,不能纯粹比拼电影的投资规模。     

我国资本回报率估测(1978-2006)-新一轮投资增长和经济景气微观基础

本文估测我国改革开放时期工业企业资本回报率九个系列指标,并在此基础上系统观察我国资本回报率长期走势特点、资本回报率与经济景气短期波动关系、物价变动因素对资本回报率影响、不同类型企业资本回报率以及中外资本回报率比较等问题。本文发现的经验证据提示我国新一轮投资较快增长和经济景气具有相当程度微观基础,因而对反思和探讨宏观调控政策措施选择问题具有借鉴意义。     

我国资本回报率估测（1978-2006）——新一轮投资增长和经济景气微观基础

本文估测我国改革开放时期工业企业资本回报率九个系列指标，并在此基础上系统观察我国资本回报率长期走势特点、资本回报率与经济景气短期波动关系、物价变动因素对资本回报率影响、不同类型企业资本回报率以及中外资本回报率比较等问题。本文发现的经验证据提示我国新一轮投资较快增长和经济景气具有相当程度微观基础，因而对反思和探讨宏观调控政策措施选择问题具有借鉴意义。     

Economic Consequences of Limited Technology Transferability

Because technology is often context-dependent and partly tacit, it is much less transferable than conventional 'innovation and market structure' models have long assumed. Technological know-how is represented in this paper as a combination of formal knowledge and informal practice. The balance of these basic components is viewed as an optimisation of R&D investment structure and level within an oligopolistic framework. We analyse the outcomes of this optimisation in terms of R&D production efficiency and social welfare. With regard to R&D investment structure, we find that the equilibrium outcome is neither efficient nor socially optimal, and the stronger competition is, the larger the divergence from efficiency and social optimum. For R&D investment level, the results are less conclusive, but they imply that competition represents the best conditions for stimulating R&D investment     

Evidence on the impact of R&D and ICT investments on innovation and productivity in Italian firms

Both research and development (R&D) and information and communication technology (ICT) investment have been identified as sources of relative innovation underperformance in Europe vis-à-vis the USA. In this article, we investigate the R&D and ICT investment at the firm level in an effort to assess their relative importance and to what extent they are complements or substitutes. We use data on a large unbalanced panel data sample of Italian manufacturing firms constructed from four consecutive waves of a survey of manufacturing firms, to estimate a version of the CDM model of R&D, innovation, and productivity [Crépon–Duguet–Mairesse 1998. Research, innovation and productivity: An econometric analysis at the firm level. Economics of Innovation and New Technology 7, no. 2: 115–58] that has been modified to include ICT investment and R&D as the two main inputs into innovation and productivity. We find that R&D and ICT are both strongly associated with innovation and productivity, with R&D being more important for innovation, and ICT investment being more important for productivity. For the median firm, rates of return to both investments are so high that they suggest considerably underinvestment in both these activities. We explore the possible complementarity between R&D and ICT in innovation and production, but find none, although we do find complementarity between R&D and worker skill in innovation.     

Knowledge spillovers,absorptive capacity and total factor productivity in China’s manufacturing firms

Applying the stochastic frontier framework, this study explores the diffusion and absorption of technological knowledge in China’s manufacturing firms, based on a panel of more than 10,000 local and foreign-invested firms over the period 1998–2001. Our empirical approach allows us to distinguish between technological progress (TP) and technical efficiency (TE) in analysing whether R&D, exports and the presence of foreign direct investment simultaneously enhance TP through knowledge spillovers in a single framework and whether different types of domestic absorptive capacity moderate external knowledge spillovers in relation to TE. The results show that there are positive inter-industry productivity spillovers from R&D and foreign presence, whereas evidence of intra-industry productivity spillovers from FDI to Chinese firms is less robust. We find evidence that absorptive capacity is one of the key determinants to quantitatively explain intra-industry differences in productivity of local Chinese firms. The findings have important policy implications.     

基于随机前沿生产函数的中国工业R＆D效率分析

长期以来，中国工业产业R＆D效率问题一直没有得到深入研究。本文以中国工业的37个行业为研究对象，利用随机前沿生产函数考察了从1998年到2002年5年期间的中国工业R＆D效率问题。研究结果表明：中国工业R＆D效率总体水平低下，有很大的提升空间；工业企业R＆D效率与前期投入成正比，而与行业竞争强度成反比；工业行业的R＆D效率可能主要与其市场结构有关，而与该行业中的主要企业是否国有企业无关；中国工业R＆D效率的高低不仅与行业的市场结构有关，而且与政府的支持方式也有联系。本文研究结果的重要政策含义是，中国如果要继续保持经济的较高速度增长，必须采取有力措施积极提高中国工业R＆D的总体效率水平。     

R&D与生产率——基于中国制造业的实证研究

本文运用中国四位数制造产业数据对R&D与生产率之间的关系进行了实证检验。通过估计两种不同的生产函数模型,本文发现R&D对生产率有显著正影响。在控制了市场因素和产权因素的影响后,R&D与生产率之间仍旧表现出显著的正相关关系。本文还发现,R&D对生产率的促进作用也依赖于产业技术机会,高科技产业的R&D产出弹性显著大于非高科技产业的R&D产出弹性。     

Redistributive innovation policy,inequality, and efficiency

We examine the efficiency and distributional effects of regressive and progressive public R&D policies that target high‐tech and low‐tech sectors using a heterogenous‐agent growth model with in‐house R&D and incomplete capital markets. We find that such policies have important implications for efficiency and inequality. A regressive public R&D investment financed by income tax could boost growth and welfare via a positive effect on individual savings and effort. It could, however, also lower growth and welfare via its effect on the efficiency–inequality trade‐off. Thus, the relationship between public R&D spending and welfare is hump‐shaped, admitting an optimal degree of regressivity in public R&D spending. Using our baseline model, and the US state‐level GDP data, we derive the degree of regressiveness of public R&D investment in US states. We find that US states are more regressive in their R&D investment than the optimal regressiveness implied by our growth model.     

Economic policy,the new economy and the social rate of return to R&D in UK manufacturing

This article focuses on the question of whether public policy changes and/or the new economy have influenced the social returns to R&D expenditure in UK manufacturing over the three decades up to the end of the millennium. The basic methodology is reasonably straightforward, to estimate a production function in which, in addition to labour and fixed capital, R&D appears separately in a form that directly enables estimates of the social return to investment in knowledge and how it has changed over time. The results suggest that neither changes in government R&D policy nor the new economy have raised social returns to R&D.     

Asymmetric firms,technology sharing and R&D investment

We use a combination of theory and experiment to study the incentives for firms to share knowledge when they engage in research and development (R&D) in an uncertain environment. We consider both symmetric and asymmetric starting points with regards to the amount of initial knowledge firms have before conducting R&D and look at how differences in starting positions affect the willingness of firms to share knowledge. We investigate when and if firms find R&D cooperation beneficial and how investment in R&D is affected by the outcome of the sharing decisions. The experimental evidence shows that overall subjects tend to behave consistently with theoretical predictions for the sharing of knowledge, although leaders who are not compensated by a side payment from laggards are more willing to share than predicted by the theory, and leaders who are compensated are less willing. The data on investment suggests less investment with sharing than without, consistent with theory. Compared to exact numerical predictions, there is overinvestment or underinvestment except for symmetric firms under no sharing. All cases of overinvestment and underinvestment, regardless of sharing or not and regardless of starting positions, are well explained by smoothed-out best (quantal) responses.     

Firm performance and corporate finance in New Zealand

Low productivity growth in New Zealand has been a paradox. We study New Zealand firms’ profitability, in terms of profit margin and return on assets (ROA), from the viewpoints of productivity enablers using firm-level panel data. We find that tangible fixed investment and a research and development (R&D) tax incentive are associated with higher profitability performance. In addition, the firm size is found to be a key determinant of profit margin. By contrast, we do not find any evidence that intangible investment can improve the profitability. The global financial crisis has not changed the leverage effect on ROA in New Zealand, while the impact of R&D became more prominent after the crisis.     

R&D and foreign direct investment with asymmetric spillovers

This paper analyzes how firms’ R&D investment decisions are affected by asymmetries in knowledge transmission, considering different sources of asymmetry such as unequal know-how management capabilities and spillovers localization within an international oligopoly. We show that a better ability to manage knowledge flows incentivizes the firm to invest more in R&D. By introducing geographically bounded spillovers, we also find that one-way foreign direct investment (FDI) stimulates the multinational enterprise to raise its own R&D and that an FDI equilibrium is more likely to occur. Finally, spillovers localization leading to two-way FDI is welfare improving when compared with non-localized spillovers.