决策机制对供应链牛鞭效应的影响分析

本文论证了信息结构与供应链牛鞭效应的关系,从决策机制角度以及供应链牛鞭效应的影响,对供应链牛鞭效应的形成进行了分析。     

军队后勤供应链管理中牛鞭效应的控制分析

牛鞭效应已成为军队后勤供应链管理的瓶颈问题之一,该问题能否有效解决将会直接影响军队后勤供应链效率的提高。因此,探究牛鞭效应的控制措施对军队后勤供应链管理具有十分重要的意义。本文针对军队后勤供应链管理中出现的牛鞭效应,主要从减少不确定性、发挥信息共享优势、选择合理组织结构以及其他相关方法等四个方面分析了控制牛鞭效应的措施。     

随机需求曲线下的供应链零售商决策与牛鞭效应

本文讨论由一个供应商和一个零售商组成的简单两级供应链系统中,对于不同的随机需求函数,零售商的联合决策对牛鞭效应的影响。首先建立了基于具有随机扰动项的需求函数下的零售商优化联合决策(库存决策和定价决策)的一般模型;然后分析在随机需求函数为线性和等弹性(假设随机扰动项为独立同分布的正态分布)的情形下零售商决策对牛鞭效应的影响。对于随机线性需求函数,牛鞭效应不会发生;而对于随机等弹性需求函数,仿真实验结果显示,零售商优化联合决策能使牛鞭效应度量值随着曲线等弹性系数或刻度因子的增大而减小,但牛鞭效应始终会发生。因此,零售商在制定策略以减小牛鞭效应时,还应考虑不同需求曲线的形态和精细结构。     

牛鞭效应的成因及对策分析

本文从牛鞭效应的含义入手，分析了在实施供应链管理过程中牛鞭效应的危害及其产生的原因，并且提出了解决牛鞭效应的对策。最后指出由于供应链内在的固有特性，牛鞭效应难以真正消除。     

供应链中产品交货期牛鞭效应的策略分析

现在的供应链牛鞭效应研究比较倾向于供应链上的需求信息的放大效应的研究,事实上,不仅需求信号有多级放大的牛鞭效应,产品交货期也有类似问题。文章从供应链中产品的交货期存在的牛鞭效应来展开讨论,首先提出了供应链实际操作中出现的产品交货期的牛鞭效应问题;接着讨论改进PERT方法,用于求解供应链系统,从而更精确地预测供应链的供货能力;最后,提出了解决供应链中产品交货期牛鞭效应的各种解决策略。     

牛鞭效应对秦皇岛港煤炭运输的影响初探

牛鞭效应对煤炭专业化港口的效益甚至整个国家的经济运行会造成不利影响，已受到人们的广泛关注。文章通过讨论煤炭供应链中牛鞭效应的现象和成因，研究探讨减轻和消除该效应的对策，以秦皇岛港为例进行了实证分析。     

供应链中Bullwhip效应控制的博弈论分析

回顾了学术界普遍认可的供应链中牛鞭效应的内涵、存在性和量化问题的研究成果,并以此为基础分析了牛鞭效应的成因。但目前学术界研究的重点已经更多地转向对牛鞭效应的减弱和控制上。顺应这种趋势,重点讨论了牛鞭效应的控制问题,对国内外控制牛鞭效应的研究成果进行了梳理。不同于以往纯应用技术角度的分析,而是从全新的角度提出了运用博弈论的相关理论控制牛鞭效应的方法,建立了相关模型。     

浅淡供应链中的“牛鞭效应”及其缓解对策

“牛鞭效应”是供应链中普遍存在的一种现象,它的存在会让企业难以把握市场需求,导致库存积压严重,使得整个供应链运作效率低下。文章分析了“牛鞭效应”产生的原因,并提出了解决“牛鞭效应”的具体对策.     

供应链结构对牛鞭效应的影响

牛鞭效应是供应链中普遍存在的需求波动增大现象，它是指供应链末端诸如市场顾客的需求波动经销售商、制造商到达供应链前端而逐步增加的现象。牛鞭效应致使企业无法准确地把握市场需求信息，难以准确地制定企业的能力需求计划和生产计划，容易造成生产能力过剩、库存过多或者缺货现象，从而使得整个供应链的物流成本居高不下，顾客的满意度不高。牛鞭效应的存在已严重影响到整个供应链的效率，该问题的解决已成为提高供应链效率、实现供应链竞争优势的决定性因素。     

基于牛鞭效应的供应链最优委托权安排

本文使用一个一阶自回归模型，分析了“牛鞭效应”的成因，并阐明当供应链各成员在信息共享行动本身存在不完全信息时，通过信息共享减少“牛鞭效应”只是一种可能性，只有当供应链各成员建立了实现信息共享的合作机制，在最优委托权安排下，共同致力于信息共享工作，并分享信息共享带来的收益，这种可能性才能转化为现实，也最终才能减少“牛鞭效应”。     

大科学工程组织结构评价与选择

大科学工程组织结构是大科学工程顺利实施的重要保障。在学者研究的基础上,基于信息熵理论,从结构复杂度、职能复杂度、信息复杂度3个方面构建大科学工程组织结构三维组织复杂度评价模型,并以弱矩阵式组织结构、平衡矩阵式组织结构和强矩阵式组织结构为对象,横向比较大科学工程不同子项目数下3种矩阵式组织结构的组织复杂度变化情况,探究子项目数与3种矩阵式组织结构对大科学工程组织结构组织复杂度的影响机理。结果表明,当大科学工程子项目数较少时（2~6个）,宜采用弱矩阵式组织结构;当大科学工程子项目数较多时（6个以上）,宜采用强矩阵式组织结构。在优化矩阵式组织结构时,不论是何种矩阵式组织结构,重点都应该关注结构复杂度这一影响因素;但当采用弱矩阵时,还应关注职能复杂度这一影响因素。最后,在管理人员具备高水平跨部门沟通能力的基础上,通过降低职能复杂度可有效帮助大科学工程组织结构从弱矩阵升级为强矩阵。     

Choices of organizational structures in religious organizations: a game theoretic approach

This study has extended the work done by Allen [Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 27 (1995) 97] and others who attempted to show a relationship between a denomination’s doctrine and its organizational structure. While Allen’s work resulted in a one-to-one mapping between doctrinal beliefs and organizational structure, this study has argued that there exists a continuum of structures that are consistent with a particular church’s doctrine. The church’s ultimate organizational structure is a game theoretic outcome resulting when churches attempt to maximize membership subject to the constraints imposed by their doctrines. We examine how churches’ organizational structures depend on the extent to which members are willing to sacrifice their structural preferences to hold on to their doctrines. Consistent with Allen’s outcome, our result indicates the further apart are the doctrines held by two churches, the greater the variation in their structural organization. This paper also examines the relationship between churches’ organizational structures and the degree of the majority church’s majority.     

Social experiments in the development of environmental technology: a bottom-up perspective

In the development implementation of environmental technologies, many initiatives are taken by citizen groups and non-governmental organizations, outside the institutional structures of firms and governments. These initiatives are calied social experiments. Based on three case studies, this paper explores the emergence, organizational structure and innovation processes of these social experiments, and their contribution to the development of environmental technologies as a whole.     

网络型组织结构与模块化创新

随着经济全球化进程的加速和信息技术的普及,企业组织结构正在经历着快速的变化,并由此推动了组织创新能力的迅速提高.其中,以模块化创新效应最为显著.本文从组织起源的问题出发,通过对组织和组织结构内涵的界定,将组织结构划分为企业内组织结构和企业间组织结构两个大类;在比较不同组织结构差异特点的基础上,揭示了它们的创新特征,并提出四种创新效应;最后,从模块化理论的角度集中剖析了网络型组织结构的模块化创新效应.     

多元化经营企业组织结构与治理特征的匹配关系

本文在分析多元化经营企业组织结构演进过程的基础上，形成了多元化经营企业不同组织结构下管理控制系统、公司治理特征的匹配关系以及管理与治理关系的逻辑。提出管理与治理各司其职，存在相互制约的瓶颈，并且在不同的组织结构下存在不同的替代关系。只有实现企业组织结构与管理控制系统、治理特征的匹配，才能克服管理与治理的瓶颈，有效实现对企业的控制与管理。     

The motivations,institutions and organization of university-industry collaborations in the Netherlands

This study builds on the economics and organization literatures to explore whether and how institutions and organizational structure complement or substitute each other to create specific spaces of alignment where specific individual actors’ motivations co-exist. Focusing on university-industry collaborations, the study examines whether and how different axes of alignment of university and industry motivations are integrated in projects with specific technological objectives and organizational structures, benefitting from the presence of specific institutions designed to facilitate collaboration. Empirically, the study relies on in-depth data on 30 university-industry collaborations in the Netherlands, and provides preliminary evidence that the technological objective and organizational structure of collaboration are malleable variables allowing the integration of both partners’ objectives and expectations. Different institutional incentives for university-industry collaboration favor specific axes of alignment of motivations and certain types of collaborative projects’ design. Hence, our exploratory results suggest that specific organizational and technological structures tend to prevail in the presence of specific institutions.     

Technological innovation, organizational linkages and strategic degrees of freedom

This paper draws on case studies of seuen LK-based multinational companies to examine the relationship between different types of technological innovation, internal and external organizational linkages and technology strategy. A model of technological innovation is deueloped to help explore this relationship. The model consists of three dimensions—technology, component and product—linked by four modes of innovation—incremental, architectural, fusion and breakthrough. The findings support the contingency theory, where different organizational structures and processes are consistent with dgerent contingency theoy, where diffrent organizational structures and processes are consistent with development.     

Organizational Structure and the Choice of Price versus Quantity in a Mixed Duopoly

We consider the choice of price/quantity of a public and a private firm in a mixed differentiated duopoly. First, we study the way in which the strategic choice of the market variable is affected by different given organizational structures (managerial or entrepreneurial) of the public and the private firm. Second, we investigate how the price/quantity choice interacts with the endogenous choice of the organizational structure, thus determining a subgame perfect equilibrium at which firms choose to behave as price‐setters and to adopt a managerial structure.     

Electronic Information Systems and Organizational Boundaries

This paper models the effects of increasing utilization of information technology on organizational boundaries. The effects of information systems on structure are analysed by integrating the transaction cost and knowledge-based views of the firm. A model of structural choice is developed from the combination of these viewpoints. From this model, we can develop propositions regarding the relation between information technology and changes in organizational structure. The model suggests that the effect of increasing utilization of information technology is to drive firms through a repeated three-stage lifecycle that alternately drives firms toward market and hierarchical structures, resulting in heterogeneous network boundaries.     

扎根理论视域下企业实验型文化维度构成

实验型文化是一种新兴的组织文化,对组织即兴发挥、组织变革、组织创新等都有极大影响,从而受到广泛关注。针对当前实验型文化维度结构尚不明晰的局限性,基于扎根理论研究方法,对国内16家企业中高层管理人员进行半结构化访谈,并对访谈资料作了细致编码和深层次分析。研究发现,促进行动、容忍错误和信任支持是中国情境下实验型文化的3个主要维度,具体内涵包括鼓励尝试、包容犯错、开明式领导等,在此基础上构建了实验型文化维度结构模型。