筑好巢搭好桥：产学研合作知识耦合、信任与组织双元学习关系研究

组织双元学习是企业获取持续竞争优势的根本途径，企业与学研机构能力不匹配而产生的结构化困境是困扰企业组织学习的核心议题。基于产学研合作知识耦合视角，探讨产学研合作知识耦合对组织双元学习的作用机制以及信任对产学研合作知识耦合与组织双元学习关系的中介作用。基于226份产学研合作配对数据构建理论模型，利用层次回归法进行实证检验。结果发现，产学研合作知识耦合对探索式学习和利用式学习具有显著正向影响；产学研合作知识耦合对认知信任有显著促进作用，但对情感信任的促进作用不显著；同时，信任类型与组织双元学习方式匹配相对应，情感信任对探索式学习具有显著影响，认知信任对利用式学习具有显著影响；仅认知信任在产学研合作知识耦合与组织学习关系中发挥部分中介作用。     

Strategic human resource management for university-industry collaborations in Korea: financial incentives for academic faculty and employment security of industry liaison offices

In an attempt to understand why some universities achieve better outcomes from university-industry collaborations, this study adopts the perspective of strategic human resource management that emphasises the congruence between the university strategic orientation and the human resource practices. Based on a large-scale survey of universities in Korea, this study suggests that the human resource management practices of providing incentive compensation to academic faculty, and the employment security and size of human resources in the industry liaison offices significantly contribute to the university-industry collaboration performance, such as the number of registered patents, licensing revenue of intellectual property, and the integrated collaboration revenue.     

产学研合作项目和谐管理的机理研究

剖析了产学研合作项目和谐管理的重要性,从资源要素的多元化、决策思维的中庸化、价值塑求的满意化、主客关系的复杂化等角度揭示了产学研合作项目和谐管理的动因,从和则机制、谐则机制以及耦合机制角度探讨了产学研合作项目和谐管理的运行机制,论述了产学研合作项目和谐管理的实现途径。     

改革开放以来我国研究机构"走出去"的探索与实践

系统回顾了改革开放40年来中国研究机构“走出去”的演变历程、特征、动因、进入模式、组织结构及成效等内容。研究发现,中国研究机构“走出去”经历了“萌芽→起步→调整→加快”4个发展阶段,呈现出投资规模增长迅速、投资主体多元、领域日益拓展、形式丰富多样、转向“一带一路”沿线国家等主要特征。拓展国际市场,追踪、获取技术前沿,培育国内研发人才,规避母国和东道国的政治、经济、文化、科技差异风险是中国研究机构“走出去”的主要动因。跨国公司结合自身实力,普遍采取并购、绿地投资、共建研发联盟等模式进入东道国,且呈现出综合研发网络等多元化组织结构类型。最后,结合当前中国研究机构“走出去”面临的困境,从模式转型、组织战略变革、新兴经济体间合作、政策整合与集成方面提出研究展望。     

Determinants of persistence in innovation: evidence from the case study of the ‘Eye Microsurgery’ Complex

This study aims at determining the major factors supporting innovative persistence based on an in-depth analysis of the internal organizational processes of the state-owned medical institution, ‘Eye Microsurgery’ Complex in Moscow. I propose a systemic approach to the study of innovation activities, which incorporates aspects of evolutionary economics, institutional analysis and dynamic capabilities theory. The study explicitly incorporates the changing external environment as a factor shaping innovation dynamics. The findings suggest that at the earliest stage of the firm's development, the interaction between the nature of the technology and the nature of the demand, the presence of prolific innovators and a certain organizational structure that supports learning, effective knowledge production and accumulation are determinant of persistence in innovation. In later periods, the availability of resources (material, financial, specialized human capital), external collaborations, specific production techniques, well-organized technological diffusion, and motivational factors are the elements providing the basis for innovative persistence. Leadership plays a crucial role in supporting innovation and organizational transformation.     

Academia-industry collaboration,government funding and innovation efficiency in Chinese industrial enterprises

This article uses a stochastic frontier model to elaborate how academia-industry research and development collaboration and government funding influence the innovation efficiency of industrial enterprises through a panel dataset from 2009 to 2015, including 30 provinces in China. We find that the research institute-industry collaboration promotes innovation efficiency of enterprises, while university-industry collaboration is adversely associated with innovation efficiency. Government funding plays a positive role on innovation efficiency across the board. Next, we divide the sample into three clusters according to enterprises’ innovation ability. In the first cluster, which has the least innovation ability, research institute-industry collaboration, university-industry collaboration and government funding have no significant effect on enterprise innovation efficiency. In the second and third clusters, university-industry collaboration exerts a negative impact on innovation efficiency but government funding improves innovation efficiency. At the same time, we investigate the interaction effects of enterprise R&D personnel and academia-industry collaboration and government funding on innovation efficiency. We find some heterogeneity in the full sample and the three sub-samples.     

Organizational management in australian cooperative research centres

Research collaborations are detleloped to share intellectual and physical resources and jirfher technological competitiveness. The Cooperatiue Research Centres programme has enabled the Australian government to adopt an interventionist role in national research directions and to stimulate innouation biy targeting collaborative arrangements. The programme has had an immediate impact on research pstems zwithin industy, universities and public research institutions. Management of research linkages is complex and based on resoliing competing strategies. This paper outlines critical management issues concerning collaborative research and suggests that the ways in which authorip structures and organizational strategies are formulated will determine the success of collaborative research in Australia.     

跨组织科研合作中知识协同过程模型研究

重大科技计划或项目是开展跨组织科研合作的重要平台,而科研合作中突破性创新的涌现则主要归因于大规模、高质量的知识协同。明确了重大项目背景下跨组织科研合作的概念,阐释了该类合作中知识协同的内涵,提出了跨组织科研合作中“场”的运转分布模型,建立了单个“场”的知识协同过程模型,分析了“场”之间存在的多种相互作用,并进一步利用自组织临界性理论构建了“场系统”由局部知识协同向整体知识协同演进的过程模型,最后对促进跨组织科研合作的整体知识协同提出了思路和建议。     

Choices of organizational structures in religious organizations: a game theoretic approach

This study has extended the work done by Allen [Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 27 (1995) 97] and others who attempted to show a relationship between a denomination’s doctrine and its organizational structure. While Allen’s work resulted in a one-to-one mapping between doctrinal beliefs and organizational structure, this study has argued that there exists a continuum of structures that are consistent with a particular church’s doctrine. The church’s ultimate organizational structure is a game theoretic outcome resulting when churches attempt to maximize membership subject to the constraints imposed by their doctrines. We examine how churches’ organizational structures depend on the extent to which members are willing to sacrifice their structural preferences to hold on to their doctrines. Consistent with Allen’s outcome, our result indicates the further apart are the doctrines held by two churches, the greater the variation in their structural organization. This paper also examines the relationship between churches’ organizational structures and the degree of the majority church’s majority.     

The experience of technological collaborations by MERCOSUR companies

This paper examines some of the experiences in information and knowledge sharing involving MERCOSUR firm. It finds that while technological collaborations by MERCOSUR firms are relatively few, located in low-tech sectors and taking place in an environment of little innovation, they are motivated by the need to ‘fuse’ their own knowledge with that of partner or to improve available information. Modes of governance vary accordingly, with equity or contractual forms being used for new developments and informal agreements for improvements. Govmments and business associations can be important facilitators of technological collaborations. The analysis of technological collaborations suggested that the better prepared a corporation entered an agreement the more successful it was likely to be. It also pointed out that where interactions were intense, well intended and transparent, included personnel exchanges, were properly assessed and involved receptive participants, learning progressed smoothly and partners were satisfied. Benefits of the collaborations included new patentable and non-patentable products new factories, as well as building trust between partners. Premature termination of some collaborations was the result of financia1 limitations unrelated to the success of the collaboration.     

产学合作对粤港澳大湾区高校双元知识产出增长的影响

利用2011-2020年粤港澳大湾区67所高校纵向数据,采用随机系数模型,考察高校双元活动效率增长趋势、产学合作对高校双元知识产出增长的影响以及制度环境的调节作用。研究结果表明：(1)随着时间推移,粤港澳大湾区高校创新研发与学术研究的双元知识产出整体呈现出显著提升趋势;(2)不同制度环境下高校双元活动产出效率的增长存在明显差异,其中,广东高校创新研发的产出效率增长高于港澳高校,港澳高校学术研究的产出效率增长则高于广东高校;(3)产学合作对粤港澳大湾区高校双元知识产出增长具有显著正向作用,良好的制度环境强化了产学合作对双元知识产出的促进作用,使得产学合作对广东高校双元知识产出的促进作用强于港澳高校。     

Collaboration and innovation: An empirical study of Indian technological enterprises

In 2010, the Indian government declared 2010–2020 to be the ‘Decade of Innovation’ and established the State Innovation Councils and Sectoral Innovation Councils to encourage and facilitate innovation by technological firms. In this paper, we study the relationship between collaboration and innovation in a cross‐section of Indian firms, paying particular attention to the impact of the innovation councils. Our results suggest that domestic collaborations have an important impact on firm innovation, as do the innovation councils, but that the impact of the councils is less for firms that collaborate.     

Intermediary–user collaboration during the innovation implementation process

The innovation process is characterised by obstacles faced both by innovation suppliers during development and by users during implementation. Although the literature has underscored the importance of collaboration, how this process occurs during implementation remains understudied. In this study, a cross-case analysis of implementation processes showed that intermediary–user collaborations are characterised by different ways of matching users’ demands with intermediaries’ services, different formal and informal governance mechanisms, and different implementation outcomes. We propose that these characteristics are due to the specificities of implementation and to the particularities of the intermediary–user relationship. Additionally, there are particularities to intermediary–user collaborations that both facilitate implementation and create risks for its outcomes. We suggest that the link between the implementation outcome and the collaboration process affects user satisfaction, further investments in the technology, and learning. We conclude by drawing implications of the particularities of intermediary–user collaboration and implementation for theory, managers, and further research.     

Globalization of technology: Network analysis of global patents and trademarks

This study explored how the structure of globalization of technology via intellectual property networks has changed longitudinally, and compares the structures of global trademarks and patents. It suggests that network analysis provides useful tools for describing recent trends in the globalization of technology. Network analyses describe which countries have higher technological capabilities, and also how countries are mutually connected for technological collaboration or transfer. In addition, network analysis confirmed that both the trademark and patent networks have become decentralized over time.     

我国新型研发机构治理与成果转化模式特点分析及建议

近年来随着我国科技体制改革的不断推进和丰富,将产学研有效结合的新型研发机构在多个省市快速发展。为进一步了解目前我国新型研发机构的发展现状,明确其组织属性和特点,梳理我国新型研发机构的主流治理结构,本文对我国目前的新型研发机构的组建模式、治理模式和成果转化模式进行重点研究。在协同创新模式上,结合宏观的政策环境以及具体的市场环境,把握当前新型研发机构的建设现状,对此展开较为深入系统的研究。     

Knowledge sources and recombination capabilities in developing new convergent products

Recent surge in technological convergences has generated great interests from scholars, managers and policy-makers. Yet, few literatures have investigated firm-specific factors behind developing convergent products. This research has empirically analysed the role of firms’ knowledge recombination capabilities and external collaborations in developing convergent products by using a survey data from 858 Korean firms. The findings suggest that presence of interdisciplinary employees and the strong commitment of CEOs are among the important knowledge recombination capabilities for developing convergent products. When compared to other types of collaboration, the inter-firm collaboration turned out to be the most effective in developing convergent products. We suggest that firms should understand that knowledge generations are becoming more interdisciplinary and employees with interdisciplinary research background are an important enabler of knowledge recombination. We suggest that policy-maker should continue to allocate its resources in supporting inter-disciplinary research programmes.     

Micro-behaviors and structural properties of knowledge networks: toward a ‘one size fits one’ cluster policy

The economic returns of cluster policies have been recently called into question. Based on a “one size fits all” approach consisting in boosting R&D collaborations and reinforcing network density, cluster policies are suspected to have failed in reaching their objectives. The paper proposes to go back to the micro foundations of clusters in order to disentangle the links between the long run performance of clusters and their structural properties. We use a simple agent-based model to shed light on how individual motives to build knowledge relationships can give rise to emerging structures with different properties, which imply different innovation and renewal capacities. The simulation results are discussed in a micro-macro perspective, and motivate suggestions to reorient cluster policy guidelines towards more targeted public-funded incentives for R&D collaboration.     

The contrasting interaction effects of university-industry collaboration motivation with demographic characteristics on university-industry collaboration performance in Taiwan

ABSTRACT

This paper applies a demographic characteristics perspective to understand the internal contingencies of the relationship between university-industry collaboration (UIC) motivation (commercialisation, learning, accessing the resources, and teaching) and UIC performance (number of publications, number of patents, commercial products, and number of business cooperation cases). The paper focuses on two aspects of demographic characteristics, age and gender among UIC scholars, and their effect on scholars’ UIC motivation as potential enhancements to improve UIC performance. We collected data from 376 scholars with UIC experience in Taiwan, and the proposed hypotheses were empirically tested. Our results extend the literature by showing that specific categories of UIC performance depend on a scholar's specific type of UIC motivation. We also specify the moderating effect of demographic characteristics on the relationship between specific subconstructs of UIC motivation and UIC performance. The study’s implications and future research directions are discussed.     

跨国公司行业选择与地点选择战略的相关性

行业选择和地点选择分别是跨国公司进入战略的主要论题,但现有研究缺少对两者之间是否存在相关性的分析。本文以中国FDI的“引进来”部分（IFDI）和“走出去”部分（OFDI）为倒,分析中国作为东道国引进外资时和其作为母国对外投资时在行业选择上的差异;并考虑地点选择因素,研究“走出去”的中国企业在发达国家和发展中国家的行业选择上是否存在差异,以及在中国投资的发达国家和发展中国家在行业选择上是否存在区别。通过跟踪200家外商来华投资企业和40家中国对外投资企业（118个项目）的投资产业、母国和东道国信息,运用描述统计和卡方检验得出实证结论：外商来华投资和中国对外投资在行业选择和地点选择上都存在差别;发达国家和发展中国家在华投资行业的技术含量有显著不同,即跨国公司的行业选择与地点选择存在相关性;但中国企业在对外投资中受资源寻求动机的强烈影响,其到发达国家和发展中国家进行投资时在行业选择上没有体现出差异性。     

大学与企业R&D合作技术溢出研究综述

大学与企业R&D合作已经成为许多企业获得先进技术的重要手段。大学已逐渐成为基础研究的主力军,是应用研究和技术创新的重要力量。强化高校研发活动以促进经济发展,要从优化研发资源配置,加强大学与企业合作,促进科技成果转化等方面着手。对近些年关于大学与企业之间R&D合作技术溢出的研究进行了梳理与述评,为大学与企业R&D合作研究提供了一定的学术基础,也为进一步的深入研究提供了方向。