产业集聚能否促进制造业企业创新?

提高企业创新能力是转向创新驱动型经济发展模式、建设创新型国家的微观基础.本文基于中国制造业微观企业数据,采用Heckman两步法选择模型,探讨市场机制和政府干预下的产业集聚对企业创新产出规模、企业创新积极性的差异化影响.不区分产业集聚形成背景的研究结果显示,产业集聚与企业创新产出规模之间呈显著倒U型关系,与企业创新积极性之间呈显著U型关系.区分产业集聚形成背景的研究结果显示,政府干预下的产业集聚会降低企业创新产出规模,但没有显著降低企业创新积极性,而市场机制下的产业集聚与企业创新产出规模之间呈显著倒U型关系,与企业创新积极性之间呈显著U型关系.此外,不同背景下形成的产业集聚对企业创新的影响在不同所有制类型和不同技术密集型企业下存在显著差异,并且多样化集聚比专业化集聚更有利于中国制造业企业创新.     

企业规模对专利产出影响的实证分析——基于1998—2010年上市公司经验证据

使用1998—2010年中国A股上市公司的年度数据,研究了企业规模对专利产出和专利密度的影响。结果表明:发明专利和实用新型专利与企业规模之间存在U型关系,外观设计专利与公司规模呈倒U型关系;三类专利的专利密度都与企业规模之间存在U型关系;企业的知识存量、成立时间、财务杠杆、所有制类型等企业内部因素以及市场集中度、企业所处区域等外部环境因素都对企业的专利产出有显著影响。据此提出企业创新发展路径假说。     

产业集中度与企业创新绩效相关性研究——基于中国高技术产业的实证研究

对中国高技术产业的产业集中度与企业创新绩效的相关关系,实证结果表明：（1）从高技术产业总体来看,产业集中度与企业创新绩效存在长期与短期均衡关系,且二者均为正相关关系;（2）从高技术产业五个细分行业来看,产业集中度对各行业创新绩效的影响显示出较大差异,在医药制药业、航空航天器制造业中,产业集中度与企业创新绩效具有正相关关系,而电子及通讯设备制造业、电子计算机及办公设备制造业行业中,产业集中度对企业创新绩效呈现出负相关效应。     

风险亦或机会:客户集中度对创新绩效的影响

基于资源依赖理论,本研究从客户视角,考察客户集中度对企业创新资源、创新行为的影响。具体而言,探究客户集中度对于创新绩效的非线性影响,以及冗余资源的情境作用。选择2007-2016年中国上市信息技术企业为研究样本,研究发现：客户集中度与创新绩效呈倒U型关系;已吸收冗余负向调节客户集中度与创新绩效的倒U型关系,即适度客户集中度对创新绩效的促进作用,以及高度客户集中度对创新绩效的抑制作用,均会随已吸收冗余的增加而减弱。     

数字技术集中度与企业创新：倒U型关系及转变

数字化转型可赋予企业创新巨大的新动能,但数字技术种类多、成本高,如何充分借助数字技术促进企业创新是企业关注的焦点。基于2007—2020年沪深A股上市公司数据,采用固定效应模型,考察数字技术集中度对企业创新的影响及作用机制。结果发现,数字技术集中度与企业创新呈显著倒U型关系,表明适度的数字技术集中度能够显著促进企业创新,但过度的数字技术集中度会抑制企业创新。机制分析表明,人力资源整合能力和研发投入强度在数字技术集中度与企业创新间发挥调节效应。随着调节变量增大,倒U型曲线拐点向左偏移,同时倒U型曲线逐渐变得平缓。在调节变量突破拐点临界值后,倒U型曲线转变为U型曲线。由此可见,调节变量增大能够进一步促进企业创新。结论可为深入理解数字技术集中度对企业创新的非线性影响,进而利用调节机制促进企业创新提供经验证据。     

政府给予企业研发补贴越多越好吗?——基于所有制的比较研究

文章从所有制的角度出发,以1998—2008年间27个制造业行业为样本,研究了企业研发投入中来自政府的研发经费对企业创新绩效的影响。结果表明,来源于政府的研发经费与企业创新绩效之间呈现非线性关系,并且这种关系因企业性质和企业规模而有所差异。同行业内,来源于政府的研发经费对国有企业创新绩效的影响与企业规模之间呈现U形关系,政府研发资助更有利于提升小型和大型国有企业的创新绩效,不利于中等规模国有企业的创新绩效。与之相反,政府研发补贴对民营和三资企业创新绩效的影响则与企业规模之间呈现倒U形关系,规模过大或过小的企业不利于创新绩效的提升。     

制造业产业创新的企业规模门槛效应研究——基于门槛面板数据模型

企业规模作为类别自变量,能够更有效地揭示不同规模企业技术创新影响的差异化和产业政策在特定情境下的有效性。本文基于我国2007—2012年制造业上市公司面板数据,运用门槛回归模型研究公司规模对企业技术创新的门槛效应,研究表明企业规模对技术创新的作用存在明显的阈值,并且两者之间的关系受到市场集中度、行业特征、政府补助等因素的限制和影响。研究认为门槛回归模型很好地解释了公司规模与技术创新之间的复杂非线性关系和跃迁过程,相应的研究结论在产业组织结构、企业成长和产业创新投入等方面,为企业管理和产业政策制定提供了科学依据。     

中部地区产业集中度与规模结构效率的实证研究——基于河南省产业的实证分析

文章实证检验了河南省20个产业在2000—2008年间产业集中度与规模结构效率之间的关系。我们的结论是:较高的产业集中度不一定能提高产业规模结构效率;河南省的企业在全国的竞争优势地位不断增强,则产业集中度和规模结构效率是正相关的;反之,则表现为负相关;在全国的竞争优势地位保持不变,则产业集中度与产业规模结构效率表现为没有明显相关关系。这就意味着河南省乃至中部地区在今后发展中应注重培育和保持企业在资本、技术、管理、品牌等方面在全国的竞争优势地位,而并非一味追求企业规模的扩大。     

基于生态视角下的建筑业创新问题模拟研究

目前关于建筑行业创新投入、技术扩散、对建筑产业整体收益、产业集中度的影响难以用实际数据分析,因而从个体企业行为角度出发,根据多智能体理论,使用多主体仿真平台(Netlogo)建模平台,建立我国建筑业的交易行为互动流程,模拟运行建筑产业创新行为,观察并分析论证创新使产业集中度产生波动,创新企业数量与产业收益是U型关系,技术扩散速度对产业收益有极大影响的结论。     

关于准市场的社会保险行业是否存在合意的集中度研究——智利养老基金行业市场结构的演化与启示

智利养老金基金行业在30多年的发展中,集中度呈现明显的U形变化,市场结构经历了"高寡占II型——低寡占II型——低寡占I型——低寡占II型——高寡占II型"的演化进程,并在近年来一直维持高寡占II型。在1995-2008年间,行业的平均管理费随集中度的提高而持续下降,行业集中度和管理费率在近年均保持稳定,可能意味着智利养老金市场较好地解决了著名的"马歇尔冲突"问题,在市场竞争和规模经济之间取得平衡。而智利养老金行业的规制政策在其中扮演了重要角色。智利养老基金行业集中度的变化规律及其相机变化的规制政策对推动我国企业年金行业的发展具有启发意义。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.     

Duplication, Growth and ‘Total Return Economics’

Maintenance consumption is an expense recovered in product prices, yet also a source of taste satisfaction which must be exhausted, rather than reinvested, from the capital affording it. This riddle is solved in the duplication rules: the cost of maintenance consumption is recovered in pay and prices, but an equal flow is exhausted from the human capital of the worker earning the pay. The rules impact tradition in several ways. If output is defined in principle as value added, then it cannot also be described as consumption plus net investment without double-counting the maintenance consumption recovered in prices. Also rate of return in the stationary state is not zero, but is the rate sufficient to offset the exhaustion of individual human capital. The rules lead to new insights into economic return, and support an argument that all growth at the scale of closure is due to productivity gain rather than to thrift.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Simulating the Effect of Regulatory Systems in a Fishery, An Application to the French Driftnet Albacore Fleet

With a thin economic component, most bio-economic models of fisheries failto assess the effects of the regulation systems on firms. In order to analysethe short term consequences of different management schemes, a simulationmodel is applied to the French driftnet albacore fleet: licence allocation withdriftnet regulation, individual quotas, and individual transferable quotaswithout any input control. Vessel technology is estimated by using the datacollected, and groups of vessels are distinguished according to criteria ofperformance. We present the adjustment within firms and between groupsunder different scenarios (limited entry with and without driftnetregulation, individual quotas and individual transferable quotas allocation),and we compare their results in terms of quasi-rent value and otherindicators such as hake harvests or dolphin by-catches.     

Knowledge as a Path-Dependence Process

By following a new approach proposed by Cognitive and Neuroeconomics, this paper presents and extends that part of Hayek's theory concerning knowledge in path-dependent terms, and shows that this is a fertile theory, opening new lines of inquiry for contemporary economics. In his theory of knowledge Hayek shows that the dynamics of economic change is path-dependent, in a different and more profound way than in the rest of the path-dependent literature. This literature deals with an important controversy, which will be also discussed and its specific and original meaning will be highlighted. As it will emerge, knowledge as a path-dependent process is consistent with cognitive theories of perception and learning and it plays a more important role than is traditionally assumed. Path-dependence is in fact always present in the cognitive dimension of perception and in individual decision-making processes, as well as in the processes of organizational innovation, and even in the macro-dimension of institutional change. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.