中国大陆企业研发投入结构特征与创新态势——基于中国大陆与主要发达经济体企业研发数据的分析

利用2013—2017年全球企业研发投入2 000强的数据,对中国大陆企业研发投入结构特征进行系统描述性统计发现:重视研发投入成为新趋势,企业的研发投入和研发强度显著提高,其中信息通信技术行业创新态势良好;非国有控股企业更多集中在新兴技术领域且研发投入增长速度高于国有控股企业。基于中国大陆企业研发投入现状与趋势,进一步与美国、欧盟、日本等发达经济体企业进行比较,发现:中国大陆企业的研发投入增长速度高于发达经济体,但研发投入总体规模仍存在较大差距;中美企业在新兴技术领域数量较多,欧盟和日本企业更多集中在传统行业。对面向中国大陆企业的科技创新政策导向的若干转变做进一步思考,提出加强分类政策引导,鼓励有条件的企业持续加大研发积累以及加速从研发投入到盈利水平的良性循环等建议。     

基于专利计量的清洁煤技术领域分析

本文对德温特创新索引专利数据库中收录的与清洁煤领域相关的专利数据进行检索,分析了清洁煤专利的整体产出情况、重点技术领域和主要申请机构的专利战略布局情况。研究表明:全球清洁煤领域目前正处于快速增长向相对成熟阶段的过渡阶段,主要技术研究集中于碳捕集、利用与封存中的碳分离和煤炭转化(煤液化、煤气化)等方面;专利顶尖研发机构主要分布于日本、美国和中国,日本和美国相关技术研发以企业为主体,市场应用为主要导向,而中国则以大学和科研院所为主导,企业参与研发比重仍需加强。中国技术研发能力、专利市场价值和技术价值有待提高,需多重视专利布局,加强通过国际专利的申请保护其在全球范围内的市场和利益的意识。     

美国《2014年科学与工程指标》概论——科技人力资源和科研产出

2014年2月,美国国家科学理事会发布了《2014年科学与工程指标》报告。该报告对近年来美国及其他国家和地区在科学、工程和技术、教育及经济领域的发展态势进行了定量分析。报告《概论》对有关内容进行了总汇,综合分析了国际社会与美国科技领域的发展情况。科技人力资源和科研产出的数据显示:全球科研人员的数量—直在快速增长,美国和欧盟分别约达140万和160万人,中国也已超过130万人;2010年,全球理工科学士学位获得人数550万,其中,欧盟占17%,美国占10%,中国占近1/4;2011年,全球发表科技论文82.8万篇,美国占26%,欧洲占31%,中国占11%;在所有科技领域内,美国发表的论文被高度引用;2012年,美国专利和商标局授予专利数超过25万件,其中,美国为12万件,日本5.1万件,欧盟3.6万件,中国5 351件。数据说明:越来越多的国家和地区日益重视增加科技投入和人才积累,美国在多个方面和指标上仍保持世界领先,部分发展中国家,尤其是中国,科技实力持续增强。     

基于专利分析的量子通信技术发展研究

量子通信被认为是保障未来通信安全最重要的技术手段。基于专利分析方法,对全球及中国量子通信技术发展现状及市场竞争态势进行了研究和分析。在量子通信的基础研究和应用技术方面,美国、日本、中国等国家的量子通信技术水平居于世界前列。"基于量子密钥分配的保密通信装置"为国内外量子通信技术的研发热点和市场竞争焦点。     

空间关联视角下中国经济影响力研究——基于假设抽取法的分析

为深入分析中国在全球价值链分工体系下与全球经济的产业关联程度,准确研判中国的经济影响力,本文在空间关联视角下综合使用区域间投入产出模型和假设抽取法,测算并比较了2000-2014年中国对全球5个主要经济体的经济影响力.研究发现,进入21世纪后,中国的经济影响力不断上升,其中对日本和欧盟的影响力增长迅速;中国的经济影响力已经远超日本和金砖三国,但仍低于欧盟和美国;从行业来看,中国制造业的经济影响力高于农业和服务业,并且技术和资本密集型制造业的经济影响力高于劳动密集型制造业.     

世界营销大师米尔顿·科特勒做客CHEMBA管理论坛

当前的全球经济,美国、日本萎靡不振,欧洲大陆裹足不前.世界的目光在中国,世界企业的目标也在中国;人民币升值,原材料涨价,经营成本的上涨让众多广东企业感受到了巨大压力和凛凛寒意.残酷的大战一触即发,新一轮洗牌即将开始,深处重压之下的广东制造是继续向制造领域升级,还是强力营销转型,打造独有的中国与世界品牌,这是一个关乎现在与未来的严峻课题.     

北京罗杰天地商贸有限公司

中山皇冠皮件有限公司,是由皇冠企业集团为适应中国大陆市场需求,于1992年创建于广东省中山市三乡镇。在箱包制造方面有50多年的丰富经验,每一项产品皆由日本、美国及欧洲各知名设计师设计,并取得世界专利,故产品无论在外观设计还是内在品质均堪称世界一流。     

世界为美国经济衰退准备好了吗

作者摩根士丹利公司首席经济学家斯蒂芬·罗奇指出,整个世界并没有为美国经济衰退做好准备.这是他从六周的全球旅行中得出的一个明显印象.在这六周中,他先后造访了日本、南非、中东、新加坡、香港、中国大陆和澳大利亚.他遇到的大多数人都认为,世界现在已经与美国"脱离"--从亚洲到欧洲的许多国家经济增长都日益强劲,一旦美国经济疲软,它们完全能够自立.     

基于专利引证的数据生存周期安全技术竞争态势研究

以Patentics数据库获取的33229项有效专利文献为数据来源，采用专利引证分析法进行分析发现：美国、日本和中国是全球拥有数据生存周期安全技术TOP100专利申请人数量最多的前3个国家，其中国际商业机器、微软和日立为开拓者，国际商业机器、微软和惠普为领导者，苹果、阿里巴巴、亚马逊科技为新兴竞争者。我国有3所高校、14家企业进入全球数据生存周期安全技术专利数量TOP100申请人行列；华为作为全球数据生存周期安全技术专利TOP10的中国企业，其优势技术领域为H04L029、H04L009、H04L012，但目前研发团队个体创新能力不足。因此，应从国家层面转变政策思维，注重政策导向，推进政策落地；从行业层面推进协同研发，推动专利开放许可，推广技术国产化替代方案；从企业层面重视自主研发，寻求外部合作，引入发明人。     

北京房地产业走势

"由于全球金融体系是建立在以美元为本位的基础之上,因此美国次贷危机向金融危机演变后,迅速向全球扩散.英国、日本、欧盟等世界主要经济体均受其影响,出现了全球性的金融危机.我国各大、中城市房价环比均出现下跌,商品住房成交量大幅下滑,市场观望气氛浓厚.2008年三季度中国国内生产总值增速从第二季度的10.1%下滑为9.0%     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

Bayesian estimation of duration models: An application of the multiperiod probit model

The multiperiod probit model is presented and Bayesian estimation using the Gibbs sampler with data augmentation is described. As an empirical illustration, the multiperiod probit model is then used to estimate a duration model using employment duration data for the Canadian province of New Brunswick. Bayesian estimation with unobserved heterogeneity is shown to be a simple extension of estimation of a duration model with no unobserved heterogeneity. More importantly, perhaps, some numerical problems encountered by other authors using Maximum Likelihood are avoided.I would like to thank M. Baker, G. Koop, A. Melino and D. Poirier for helpful comments and discussions. I would also like to thank M. Baker for providing his data.     

Scenarios and creativity: Thinking in new boxes

To be creative and make change happen, leaders must do more than simply ‘think outside the box’, as the traditional business manuals suggest, using the popular American expression. After all, the space outside the box is infinitely expansive. Moreover, there can be no guarantee that a solution to the problem will be found. The answer: ‘Think in new boxes.’ This requires developing the right new box; in other words, useful new models, a helpful new approach to a problem. That is the real art of practical creativity. This short article outlines the approach (Thinking in New Boxes) and its application to classic scenario planning with a few examples. The authors also present the ‘Expressway to Scenarios’, an approach that wins in impact and practicality what it loses in deep analysis, by having top executives involved in key steps.     

On the Role of Paradigms in Understanding Economic Globalization

Any adequate analysis of economic globalization necessarily requires fundamental understanding of the worldviews underlying the views expressed with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization. This paper is based on the premise that any worldview can be associated with one of the four basic paradigms: functionalist, interpretive, radical humanist, and radical structuralist. It argues that any view expressed with respect to economic globalization is based on one of the four paradigms or worldviews. It, therefore, discusses four views with respect to the nature and role of economic globalization which correspond to the four broad worldviews. The paper emphasizes that the four views expressed are equally scientific and informative; they look at the nature and role of economic globalization from a certain paradigmatic viewpoint. Emphasizing this example in the area of economic globalization, the paper concludes that there are opportunities for each paradigm to benefit from contributions coming from the other three paradigms.     

A Humean theory of choice of which rationality may be one consequence

For the reader who considers economic theory of choice as a special case of a more general theory of action, Hume's discussion of the determinants of action in the Treatise of Human Nature (1739?–?40), in the Enquiry on Human Understanding (1748) and in the Dissertation on Passions (1757) deserves attention. However, according to some modern commentators, Hume does not seem to have given any evidence that would favour what nowadays we would consider as the kind of rationality involved in modern theories of rational choice. On the contrary, this paper arrives at the conclusion that consistency between preferences and choice, like the usual properties of completeness and transitivity, may be considered as outcomes of a mental process, described by means of a decision algorithm that aims to represent Hume's theory of choice.     

The concept of freedom and its relation to economic development--a critical appreciation of the work of Amartya Sen

Following a brief review of the conception of freedom as employedin economic discourse, this paper focuses on the evolution ofthe concept of freedom in the work of Amartya Sen. It tracesthe development of Sen's thought from the capability analysisof the late 1970s to his more recent separation of freedom intoits opportunity and process aspects. While broadly appreciativeof Sen's development of the concept of positive freedom, thepaper identifies some difficulties arising from his definitionof capability as a set of options as well as from his separationof the opportunity and process aspects of freedom. Aspects ofthe relationship between Sen's conception of freedom and thatof Marx are discussed briefly in the context of Sen's recentdiscussion of the market as a source of freedom.     

How chaebol restructuring after the 1997 crisis has affected corporate decision and performance in Korea: debt financing,ownership structure,and investment

ABSTRACT

Korean chaebol firms, characterized by excessive debt financing and overinvestment, experienced restructuring after the 1997 crisis. By reducing debt financing and thus overinvestment, they tried to reorganize financing structure and ownership structure. Chaebols’ debt reduction turns out to have improved performance. However, polarization between chaebol and non-chaebol firms has become more significant. Even after the crisis, firms that give higher cash flows to a controlling shareholder take more capital investment, indicating that agency problems still exist within chaebols. Chaebol-affiliated firms continue to be more active in R&D than non-chaebol firms. However, the pattern is limited to the group of top 10 chaebols after the crisis.

Abbreviations: KFTC: Korea Fair Trade Commission     

Types of technology

Technology is a concept rife with confusion. Here, I argue that technologies can be distinguished as a combination of type of producer and an idealized artefact life history. Using this definition, a number of technologies are identified. The first technology historically, in the Protostomes, was the production of individual or family dwellings. Next came objects such as spider webs for trapping prey. Stigmergy followed, with the social insects, as a collective endeavour to construct a mega-structure using simple rules of accretion. Some birds and primates began to make tools, or simple technological objects whose function is closely related to their form. Humans are distinguished by their ability to make machines. Traditional technology took place once people voluntarily organised into groups with specialised knowledge to produce more complex objects and structures. Monumental objects like ceremonial pyramids came with the command economies of the early agrarian societies, which also resulted in a new category of artefact, the network. Finally, with modern civilizations came ad hoc accretion, or population-level adding-on, to make truly complex technological systems. Developing a theoretical framework within which artefacts, production processes and ways of interacting with them are identified should help the study of technology to become more scientific.