对农用地估价方法的反思

研究目的：分析现行农用地估价体系，提出改进建议。研究方法：综述法，系统分析法。研究结果：成本法与剩余法不宜简单应用在农用地估价领域，收益还原法与市场比较法在应用时还需要改进。研究结论：产能是农用地价值的核心来源，在农用地转为建设用地时，估价除应体现区位条件价值外，还需补偿农业产能的损失。     

生态资产估价方法研究进展

介绍和分析国内外生态资产估价方法的研究进展 ,为中国开展生态资产估价提供借鉴。采用文献资料法和比较分析法。中国已初步形成了条件价值法、费用支出法、市场价值法和价值能值法等生态资产估价方法 ,但这些方法在理论上尚存在一定的缺陷 ,特别是中国对这些方法的研究起步晚 ,不够深入系统 ,所以应深入开展生态资产估价方法研究 ,探寻适合中国不同地区和不同资产类型的估价方法。     

西方矿产勘查地估价方法和投资方式（上）

文章根据作者的国外工作实践，以澳大利亚为代表，全面阐述了西方矿产勘查投资来源、方式及矿地的估价方法。文章共分为三部分，第一部分讲的是西方矿产勘查业投资概况，介绍了矿产勘查投资的三个来源；第二部分讲的是矿产勘查地的估价方法，具体介绍了比较估价法、以往勘查投资计算法、远景储量估价法、合资条件计算法和储量价值估价法五种；第三部分讲的是矿产勘查地的投资方式。具体介绍了勘查公司上市融资、勘查地权益转让及合资勘探和公司间融资、兼并。因篇幅较长，分两期发表     

居住房地产估价的区位因素分析

进行区住因素的修正是房地产估价方法——市场比较法中的一项重要工作，然而迄今为止并没有相关的法律规范针对不同类型房地产区位因素的相关概念、具体内容做详细的说明，进而影响到估价结果的准确性，不能真实地反映估价对象的价值。鉴于此，本文以建设部房地产估价师与房地产经纪人学会的课题研究为背景，对居住房地产的区位因素的概念、指标体系作了具体分析。     

无居民海岛实物期权估价模式研究

我国无居民海岛的市场进程刚刚起步,海岛价值评估方法没有统一、规范的制度或标准性规定。本文根据无居民海岛使用权价值的期权特征,应用实物期权理论,估算海岛的期权价值,以突破原有传统估价方法在海岛市场化交易初期阶段无法适用的瓶颈。研究结果显示,分别运用布莱克—舒尔斯模型和二项树模型估算的海岛价值基本一致,相比而言,二项树模型能够反映各个时间节点的参数变化,更加直观和灵活。研究结论说明实物期权估价方法适用于无居民海岛使用权估价,估价结果能够全面反映现金流时间价值、未来不确定性以及柔性决策权共同创造的海岛整体价值,为无居民海岛价值评估提供了新思路。     

关于农用地"完全价值"--也谈农用地价值模式构架

在分析现行农用地估价中存在缺陷的基础上,阐述农用地“完全价值”的涵义,并对其构成和估价方法进行了描述。     

耕地定级估价技术路线及方法探讨

文章给出了定级估价的整体思路和技术路线，以定级为基础，定级与估价有机结合；对定级与估价的方法进行了讨论，提出了因素多级综合评判法为定级的基本方法，收益还原法为估价的首选方法；分别介绍了定级与估价的程序、步骤。     

上市公司整体价值评估方法及应用

在市场经济体制和资本市场深入发展的过程中，企业价值评估理论和方法成为人们日益关注的热点问题。本文对相对估价法、现金流贴现法、期权定价法的基本原理、依赖的前提条件及其适用场合进行分析，结论表明：综合多种价值评估方法是解决上市公司价值评估的有效途径．     

成果更需严把关——关于加强土地估价报告质量监管的思考

土地估价报告是土地估价师的工作成果,是全面、公正、客观、准确地记述估价过程和估价成果的文件,是给委托估价方的书面答复,是关于估价对象的客观合理价格或价值的研究报告。一份合格的土地估价报告,应该是对估价对象登记和权利状     

森林自然保护区游憩价值评价

基于福建省武夷山市的武夷山自然保护区和龙岩市的梅花山自然保护区的调查数据,分别采用选择实验法和条件Logit模型分析影响森林自然保护区游憩价值的因素,并对森林自然保护区游憩经济价值进行评价。结果表明:森林自然保护区的植被覆盖率、溪水清澈度、人流量、知名度以及旅行花费对森林自然保护区游憩价值具有显著影响。虽然在目前状态下福建省森林自然保护区游客人均游憩价值处于较好的状态,但并未达到最佳水平,需要通过提高森林自然保护区植被覆盖率、溪水清澈度以及知名度,减少其人流量、旅行花费等方式提升森林自然保护区的游憩价值。因此,应该保护森林自然保护区的森林生态环境,合理控制森林自然保护区的人流量,增大对森林自然保护区的宣传力度,进而提高森林自然保护区的游憩价值。     

广东江门红树林自然保护区生态评价

广东江门红树林自然保护区是以保护红树林及其生境为主要保护对象的野生生物类自然保护区。文章对自然保护区的典型性、生物多样性、稀有性、代表性及生态公益性、生态旅游性等方面进行了评价,并从加强自然保护区建设,开展对红树林湿地资源研究、加强退化红树林湿地的生态恢复、开展湿地旅游等方面提出建议。     

A bottom-up ‘Convention-Check’ to improve top-down global protected area governance

This paper introduces the so-called ‘Convention-Check’ as a new bottom-up approach of assessing the contribution of large-scale protected areas to the implementation of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) that are introduced from the top down. The assessment consists of three major sub-sequential parts: the current contribution of a protected area to the implementation of the MEAs, recommendations for improvements and – through an ex-post-evaluation – the impact of the recommendations provided. The Convention-Check is carried out in a total of ten methodical working steps. A very first application of the method is presented based on the example of an Austrian National Park. In this example, a Convention-Check was carried out using five MEAs and was evaluated after two years. The results show that there is great variability regarding the number and intensity of implementation measures already taken by the different levels of governance addressed. Potential reasons and perspectives for the example situation, as well as possibilities for future improvement of the method and its global application on large scale protected areas, are discussed. A significant and causal impact of the Convention-Check towards improved protected area governance is already shown by the Austrian example after two years. The Convention-Check combines different working methods from social as well as natural sciences in a new way. Its innovative approach is designed to overcome deadlocks in the top-down implementation of MEAs by means of bottom-up initiatives out of large scale protected areas, and aims to contribute towards improved global protected area governance.     

Prospects for Canada's protected areas in an era of rapid climate change

Given the known and potential impacts of climate change on ecosystem composition, structure, and function, some recent studies question the efficacy and relevancy of current protected area policies and management objectives. For example, in a rapidly changing climate is it practical to continue to identify and protect ‘representative’ samples of the natural heritage estate? This paper examines a number of climate-related issues that now confront agencies and organizations responsible for the protection of natural heritage areas, including the roles of protected areas, representation targets, ecological integrity, protected area design, management techniques, research and monitoring needs, and agency capacity to respond. Potential avenues for adaptation are proposed in light of these issues. The development and implementation of a cross-jurisdictional landscape-scale strategic conservation framework focused on protecting, connecting, and restoring ecosystems will be fundamental to enhancing ecological resilience to climate change. We conclude that even though climate change presents unprecedented and significant challenges, the protected area contribution to ecosystem function and human health and well-being will remain an essential and worthwhile investment in the 21st century.     

基于贝叶斯学习模型的水权交易谈判议价模型与仿真

通过对水权交易中双方谈判报价机制研究,在水权交易谈判议价环境下,交易双方均期望获取最高收益,由此构建水权交易谈判议价模型。在谈判交易中双方通过贝叶斯学习更新对方底线价格,在估算最大风险接受度的基础上选择下一轮的报价策略,多轮次报价后,将双方报价收敛至合理区间,最终达成一致,完成交易。研究结果表明,谈判议价在保证水权交易合理完成的同时保证了交易中双方受益的最大化,谈判定价在水权交易中是可行且十分有效的定价方法。     

基于空间自相关的丘陵山区耕地质量保护分区

在中小尺度区域内采用空间分析方法对耕地质量分布规律开展研究,可以为地形地貌条件较为复杂的丘陵山区永久基本农田划定、退耕还林计划、国土空间综合整治与生态修复等工作提供理论和实践支撑。采用空间自相关分析的方法,对重庆市南川区的质量等指数进行空间自相关分析,并根据局部空间自相关结果的组合对全域耕地进行保护分区。实验结果表明:(1)研究区域耕地质量指数在空间上呈现集聚特征,集聚程度大小关系为利用等指数>经济等指数>自然等指数;(2)高值集聚区(HH型)主要分布于西北部,低值集聚区(LL型)主要分布东南部,实验结果与南川的地形、水系、交通设施布局等自然经济条件相吻合;(3)划分的4个耕地保护分区与研究区域的实际情况相匹配。     

南京钟山风景名胜区旅游环境功能分区研究

钟山风景名胜区大气和水环境状况优良,林木覆盖率较高,但仍存在着景区内外的无序及有序蚕食,自辟登山路径破坏生态环境和局部水环境有待改善等问题;为了科学合理地保护风景名胜区内的文化与自然资源,实现钟山风景名胜区社会、经济和环境效益的多赢目标,依据区域分异、整体化、生态、优化和发展等5项原则,将钟山风景名胜区分为生态保护核心区、史迹—自然景观保护区、景观游览区、生态修复区和发展控制区五大环境功能区,并提出了各区的发展方向。     

Need for a cross-sector approach in protected area management

The need for various stakeholders to harmonize their policies and practices has emerged as a dominant paradigm for 21st century natural resource management. Cross-sector coordination is promising because it can enhance policy consistency, enable the realization of synergies and resolve conflicts among sectors regarding resource management. The extent to which ministries and their main stakeholders make efforts to achieve integrated policies for nature conservation requires further research. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the consultation reports of ministries from relevant fields (i.e., environmental protection, agriculture, spatial planning, and security) regarding the management plans for Romania’s protected areas. We analysed and visualized 152 consultation reports (2013–2016) covering 15% of Romania's protected areas using self-organizing maps (SOMs), an unsupervised machine-learning method. Our results showed that considerable attention was paid to formal issues in these reports. The cross-sector issues that emerged as the most important were those related to forest landowner consultation, and the harmonization of agricultural and forestry practices, as well as spatial plans for conservation. The resulting SOMs could be used as a tool to strengthen protected area management in the future because they can (i) guide managers of protected areas to develop plans that ensure that resources will be used in the best way according to the visions of multiple sectors and (ii) help the relevant ministries to improve future consultation reports.     

青海大通国家森林公园景源评析

选取距离省会西宁最近的青海大通国家森林公园为调查评价对象,实地进行详细调查,对其景点风景资源类型进行整合分类,确定自然和人文景源。按照《中国森林公园风景资源质量等级评定》标准,对景源质量、环境状况和区域开发利用三项基础情况进行评价,得出大通国家森林公园风景资源综合得分为42.63分,评价符合一级国家森林公园标准。运用AHP法对大通国家森林公园的18个风景资源因子进行分析,景观资源对整体环境影响较大,地文、水文和生物资源是今后保护的重点,同时应加强对基础设施条件的投资力度,最后对其保护开发提出了相应对策建议。     

Stakeholder perceptions and governance challenges in urban protected area management: The case of the Las Piñas – Parañaque Critical Habitat and Ecotourism Area,Philippines

The conservation and management of protected areas in urban settings has become increasingly challenging with dynamics over land use change in adjacent urban areas being highly relevant to, but at times conflicting with, the protected area. This study seeks to better understand the implications of land use change processes to urban protected area management through the case study of the Las Piñas – Parañaque Critical Habitat and Ecotourism Area (LPPCHEA) in Metro Manila, Philippines. Factors and processes influencing land use change and protected area management and the impact of stakeholders’ perceptions on protected area were analyzed. The urban protected area in itself has limited influence on its surrounding urban areas, as land use change in these areas is shaped more by social, economic and policy/institutional factors occurring within the context of urban-regional development. The study also found that land use conflict is evident in an urban protected area due to the competing ecosystem services derived by various stakeholders. This discord is deepened by the lack of coordination between land use planning and protected area management. Integrating protected area management with land use planning through legally binding instruments, specific timeframes and clear internal procedures can help resolve land use conflict for an urban protected area at the strategic or policy level.     

Twenty-three years of forest cover change in protected areas under different governance strategies: A case study from Ethiopia’s southern highlands

Tropical deforestation has heightened the need for effective governance of protected areas aimed at conserving natural resources, biodiversity, and ecosystem services. The southern highlands of Ethiopia hold some of the largest expanses of contiguous tropical forest in Ethiopia. This area also is undergoing rapid land conversion. Multiple protected areas with different management strategies and objectives have been established, in part, to conserve forests and the ecosystem services they provide. We examined four types of protected areas; a national park, a state-run forest enterprise, two occupied privately leased hunting concessions, and two unoccupied hunting concessions, to evaluate their effectiveness at protecting forest cover. We used 1509 field plots with medium-resolution Landsat imagery from 1987 to 2015 to develop models of forest cover at approximately five-year time intervals. We found protected areas that were actively managed for timber production or hunting were more effective at conserving forest cover than the national park and the unoccupied hunting concessions. Over the study period, net forest cover change was −7.8% for the national park, 12.9% for the state-run forest enterprise, −0.2% and 13.3% for the occupied hunting concessions and −14.0% and −13.0% for the unoccupied hunting concessions. We also discuss how the change in forest cover relates to historic political events. In places like Ethiopia where the federal resources needed to conserve forests are limited, promoting a network that includes both federally and non-federally managed protected areas can result in more area and forests under protection.