农地权益保障与农业转移人口市民化

研究目的：明晰农地权益对农业转移人口市民化的影响，进而揭示当前全国各地对农业转移人口农地权益保护状况。研究方法：基于Probit模型的实证分析。研究结果：（1）从全国范围来看，农业转移人口的农地权益只得到部分保障；（2）农地权益保障状况存在较大的地区差异，区域经济越发达，农地权益保障越完善；（3）农地权益只得到部分保障对推动农业转移人口向城市迁移起着促进作用，但却对农业转移人口市民化有着显著负面影响。研究结论：农地权益保障是农业转移人口市民化的重要影响因素，农地权益的不充分保障对农业转移人口市民化具有负面影响，而经济越不发达的地区这种影响越显著。     

农业转移人口土地置换城镇户籍意愿的影响因素研究

促进农业转移人口实现农村退出、落户城镇,是新型城镇化进程中必须关注的一个重要问题。本文在问卷调查的基础上,采用多元Logistic回归的定量研究方法,探索并分析影响农业转移人口用土地置换城镇户籍意愿的因素。结果表明:农业转移人口对土地置换城镇户籍持观望态度的比例较高,个人特征因素(年龄、婚姻、性别、文化程度)、经济因素(参加劳动培训、签订劳动合同、居住处)、社会生活因素(朋友数量)和土地处置因素(承包地的处置方式)对农业转移人口用土地置换城镇户籍的意愿产生显著影响。在此基础上,根据研究结果提出具有针对性的对策建议。     

承包地里连片种植核桃树是否可行

正问题因种植传统农作物的经济效益较低,一些省市地区结合本地的自然地理条件,发展连片种植,在原来种植玉米等传统农作物的承包地上种植了核桃树。种植初期,农民还可在承包地中进行套种。但当核桃树完全挂果后,就无法进行套种了,这就改变了原来的土地用途。在这种情况下,土地利用类型是否发生改变?此类承包地的承包期限是否需要重新确定?解答一、农用地承包方有权自主经营,但须维持农业用途《农村土地承包法》第十六条规定:"承包方享有下列权利:(一)依法享有承包地使用、收益和土地承包经营权流转的权利,有权自主组织生产经营和处置产品";第十七条规定:"承包方承担下列义务:(一)维持土地的农业用途,不得用于非农建设;(二)依法保护和     

就近迁移与异地迁移对农业转移人口社会融合的影响——基于倾向得分匹配方法的反事实估计

社会融合是农业转移人口迁移过程中要解决的重要问题,关系到其能否有效实现市民化。利用1086名农业转移人口调查数据,在使用基本回归分析的基础上,采用倾向得分匹配法对就近迁移和异地迁移者的社会融合水平进行比较研究发现,就近迁移和异地迁移的农业转移人口的社会融合呈现分层性特征。就近迁移的农业转移人口的社会融合水平要整体优于异地迁移者,尤其是在心理认同方面的优势凸显,而在经济融合和社会适应层面的差异主要表现在工作满意度和社会关系网络方面。就近迁移对于农业转移人口市民化身份的转变具有重要作用。     

新型城镇化背景下承包地确权颁证对农民市民化迁移的影响研究

新型城镇化背景下,土地确权颁证作为加强农户土地承包经营权保护的重要措施,是否促进了农民市民化过程中的农户劳动力转移仍未有定论。围绕这一议题,利用确权颁证这一历史契机,从农户个人和家庭两个维度,探讨分析了农地确权对农户迁移的影响。结果表明,农村承包地确权本身对农户个人迁移无显著影响,对农户全家迁移有负向影响。研究结果有助于进一步思考新型城镇化过程中土地产权对农民市民化的影响。     

资源禀赋、社会保障对农民工土地处置意愿的影响——基于理性选择视角的分析

在城镇化快速推进的背景下,农民工的生计和发展对土地的依赖性在不断减弱。本文利用2013年12月深圳市P区农民工的调查数据,通过建立Mlogit模型,分析了农民工的资源禀赋与社会保障制度对其土地处置意愿的影响。研究结果表明,农民工的宅基地保留意愿依然强烈;其承包地退出意愿明显强于宅基地退出意愿,且受到受教育程度、收入水平、职业状况等个体资源状况及老家住房结构、是否拥有土地等家庭资源状况的显著影响。农村社会保障仅对农民工的承包地处置(包括保留和退出)意愿影响显著,城市社会保障对农民工的宅基地处置(包括保留和退出)意愿影响显著。因此,应在农民工资源禀赋提升的基础上不断完善城乡社会保障制度,从而强化农民工的土地退出意愿。     

人力资本、社会资本与农村迁移劳动力的工资决定

本文利用2006年北京地区1452名外来务工人员数据,实证研究了人力资本、社会资本对农村迁移劳动力收入的影响.结果表明:人力资本的积累是决定迁移劳动力收入的主要因素,而社会资本在总体中的影响则不显著.进一步笔者发现了社会资本的性别差异:家庭关系与老乡关系对于女性迁移劳动力的工资有显著影响.同时,我们还发现对西部地区的男性迁移劳动力而言,社会资本的积累能够带来收入的提高.     

土地流转中农村女性权益状况的实证分析——以河北省米村和湖北省石村为例

本文以两个村庄的调查为基础,分析女性在土地流转过程中的角色及其权益损伤状况,并探讨女性对这一状况的认知。研究结果表明,在家庭内部,男性作为富余劳动力首先从农业中转移出去,农业生产呈现女性化的趋势,农业生产的女性化直接影响着土地流转的发生。在土地流转过程中,女性的决策权遭到不同程度的损伤;婚姻流动时,女性的土地承包经营权受到剥夺;在父母将自己的土地承包经营权转让给子女的过程中,女性的继承权时常得不到保障。对于女性在土地流转过程中权益被损的现象,女性应当与男性一样被赋予同样的权利。     

论农村土地制度运行中的性别问题——来自全国22个村的快速实证调查

本文通过调查分析指出：随着我国法制化进程的加快与深入,有关农村土地的立法已经是一个必然的趋势。农村女性人口在传统的性别不平等的社会结构下,其生存与发展状况与男性相比处于弱势,因此,若土地立法和土地政策不具备性别敏感性,农村女性的权益将无法得到保障。     

中国农村人口城乡迁移规模的实证分析

本文以托达罗城乡人口迁移经济行为模型为理论基础构建了计量经济学经验模型，对改革开放以来中国农村人口城乡迁移规模进行了实证分析，得到以下结论：第一，中国城乡实际收入差距扩大已显著地阻碍了农村人口向城镇的长期迁移。第二，城乡人口迁移规模的扩大并不是导致城镇失业增加的原因，而城镇失业却在一定程度上影响了农村人口的城乡迁移。第三，制度因素对农村人口城乡迁移规模的影响是复杂的，城乡人口迁移规模随着制度约束的减弱而逐年增加。     

Impact of land fragmentation and non-agricultural labor supply on circulation of agricultural land management rights

This study quantitatively examines the effects of land fragmentation and non-agricultural labor supply on the circulation of agricultural land management rights. The examination is conducted from the perspective of labor heterogeneity and family joint decision-making, using the rural fixed observation point data from the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China. The results reveal that land fragmentation significantly affects circulation decisions of agricultural land circulation. Land fragmentation strengthens the effect of non-agricultural labor supply on agricultural land outflow, and this effect is more pronounced among females. Compared with males, the female non-agricultural labor supply has a greater effect on agricultural land circulation. When non-agricultural labor supply increases, the effect of the female non-agricultural labor supply on agricultural land circulation becomes significant, land outflows increase, and land inflows decrease. In the areas of eastern, central, and northeastern China, the female non-agricultural labor supply has a significant impact on agricultural land outflow. Furthermore, the number of land plots strengthens the effect of the non-agricultural labor supply on the outflows of agricultural land in eastern and northeastern China; this effect is more pronounced for females in northeastern China. The government and related departments should strengthen non-agricultural employment training, and design conditions and policies to promote the orderly transfer of household labor, thus achieving intense agricultural development in the process of human urbanization.     

乡土依恋、城市融入与乡城移民宅基地退出意愿 ——基于福建厦门的调查

研究目的:揭示乡土依恋、城市融入等心理情感因素在乡城移民宅基地退出决策中的影响机理,为科学设计宅基地退出机制和政策体系提供参考。研究方法:理论分析法,结构方程模型。研究结果:(1)乡城移民宅基地退出决策受到城乡空间依恋的共同影响,乡土依恋越强烈,退出意愿越弱;城市融入程度越高,退出意愿越强。(2)在乡城空间转换中,乡土依恋对宅基地退出意愿的负向影响强于城市融入的正向影响,乡城移民只有真正融入城市后才会乐意退出宅基地。(3)乡城移民对宅基地作为私人财产和居住保障的产权认知对其退出意愿有负向影响,乡土依恋在其中起着显著中介作用。(4)相比老一代乡城移民,相对更高的城市融入和较低的乡土依恋感知使得新生代乡城移民退出意愿相对较高。研究结论:政策设计应重视城镇化过程中心理情感层面人地关系的作用,保持历史耐心,加强城乡联动,从促进进城农民的城市融入、满足过渡阶段多元需求等方面提升乡城移民宅基地退出意愿。     

乡村振兴与农村土地制度改革

我国正处于城乡中国的发展阶段,社会经济面临着转型升级的持续变迁,农业和乡村发展面临的环境条件发生了实质性变化,本文重点探讨如何通过农村土地制度创新以促进乡村振兴。研究结果表明,我国社会经济发展所处的特殊时代背景决定了我国乡村振兴的路径选择必须从乡村内部出发,寻找撬动实现乡村振兴的支点。要围绕"实权"与"流动"两个维度深化农村土地制度改革,为乡村振兴提供土地制度保障。"实权"是要将农地产权落到实处,相关的法律法规条文要明确农地各项产权权能的内含、外延,要把农地产权落实到具体的权利主体身上。"流动"是要在保证粮食安全和国家安全的前提下,在土地利用空间规划的管控下,实现土地资源的自由市场流动。     

Does labor migration affect rural land transfer? Evidence from China

Land transfer in rural areas and labor migration from rural areas to cities are both becoming common in China due to the increasing development of the non-agricultural sector resulting from rapid urbanization. Many rural labours who migrated to cities left their land in rural areas, and in most cases, this land was abandoned. To make full use of abandoned land in rural areas, the central government in China has formulated policies to promote rural land transfer, but rural land transfer still lags far behind labor migration in China. Drivers of rural land transfer still need to be explored. In addition, the labor migration scale shows dynamic features as the labor migration of more family members is substituted for that of individuals recent years. Thus, the phased feature of household labor migration should be taken into consideration to examine the phased influence of the labor migration scale on rural land transfer. Considering the probability threshold effect of the impact of labor migration on rural land transfer, a threshold model was used to perform the empirical analysis. Based on the threshold model and CHARLS 2015 data, this study empirically analysed the impact of the labor migration scale on rural land transfer. On the national level, labor migration will significantly promote rural land transfer if it is less than or equal to 0.125, but when it is greater than 0.125, its impact on land transfer is not significant. On the basis of the spatial differentiation of rural land transfer, four regions were divided to do the regional threshold regression analysis. On the regional level, the thresholds of labor migration scale of the central region, the east region and the west region are 0.112, 0.221 and 0.133 respectively, and there is no threshold in the north region. The results show that labor migration have a phased impact on rural land transfer in China and policies should be targeted to different labor migration phases and different regions.     

The effects of farmland use rights trading and labor outmigration on the governance of the irrigation commons: Evidence from China

The governance of the commons depends on collective action by resource users, which may be influenced by land use dynamics and changes in livelihood. We examine the case of China that has experienced massive outmigration of its rural population and significant changes to its land use policy. We contribute to the literature by examining the interaction effects of farmland use rights trading and rural labor out migration on collective action for the governance of the irrigation commons, which has the potential to open up a new line of theoretical and empirical inquiry. Using the socio-ecological system framework, we run ordered probit regression based on data from a survey of 125 villages in 18 provinces in China. We find that a moderate degree of farmland use rights trading has a positive effect on collective action for the governance of the irrigation commons and can slow down and mitigate the negative effect of rural labor outmigration. We conclude with implications for land use policy and governance of the commons.     

宅基地三权分置的制度需求、实现形式与法律表达

研究目的:通过分析宅基地三权分置的制度需求和实现形式,揭示宅基地三权分置形成的权利结构以及权利的法律性质与法理逻辑。研究方法:法社会学和法经济学相结合的比较研究方法。研究结果:(1)受城镇化和工业化的影响,农户分化为纯农户、兼业户和非农户。纯农户对宅基地有保障性需求,非农户有财产性需求,兼业户两者兼有。宅基地两权分置满足了纯农户和兼业户的保障性需求,三权分置满足了非农户和兼业户的财产性需求。(2)三权分置的实现形式有延伸经营权、分置成员权和分置人役权等模式。延伸经营权模式和分置人役权模式较好地保护了已取得居住权益,分置成员权模式较好地保护了待取得居住权益。(3)宅基地三权分置的法律表达,需要兼顾效率与公平的制度需求,形成逻辑严谨的权利体系。在“所有权—使用权—经营权”框架的基础上,补充构建宅基地居住权和成员权等权利类型。经营权的性质为次用益物权,承担资源经济利用的社会功能;居住权的性质为人役权,承担保障农户已取得居住权益的社会功能;成员权的性质为集体成员分配请求权,承担保障农户待取得居住权益的社会功能。研究结论:宅基地三权分置响应了纯农户、兼业户和非农户在城镇化和工业化背景下对保障和财产的差异化功能需求。在“所有权—使用权—经营权”权利框架的基础上,补充构建宅基地居住权和成员权等权利类型,可以形成逻辑更为严谨的权利体系。     

农村宅基地季节性闲置与完全闲置的比较——基于全国百县调查

研究目的：识别我国宅基地闲置的类型特征，分析不同类型的形成原因，为闲置宅基地科学管理、分类整治提供理论参考。研究方法：基于一项全国百县调查数据，对宅基地季节性和完全闲置进行比较研究，利用多元线性回归模型考察二者的影响因素。研究结果：季节性闲置比完全闲置更为常见，平均程度更深，村际差异也更大。中部地区农村宅基地平均闲置率最高且以季节性闲置为主，区位偏远农村季节性闲置更为普遍。人口迁移对宅基地闲置的解释力最强，家庭化迁移直接导致宅基地闲置；地理条件差异是形塑宅基地闲置地域分异的基础；确权颁证发挥产权固化的作用，对两种闲置均有促进作用；基础设施配套完善能有效抑制完全闲置，非农就业则明显提高季节性闲置。研究结论：季节性闲置宅基地仍发挥居住功能，不应视为资源浪费；完全闲置才是宅基地资源浪费的典型，在具体整治时应予以重点关注。     

农地发展权的设定及其在中国农地保护中的运用——基于现行土地产权体系的制度创新

研究目的：基于现行土地产权体系和农地保护政策体系,分析农地发展权的内涵、归属,确定农地发展权的设定方案并探讨其在农地保护中的应用。研究方法：理论分析法与实证分析法。研究结论：当前,在中国引入农地发展权解决土地利用问题的呼声越来越高,在中国土地产权体系现状下农地发展权设定方案的提出及其运用,说明了农地发展权可以作为国家对土地管理进行宏观调控的一个弹性手段,将在土地征用、土地储备、土地规划等土地政策的实施中发挥重要的作用。     

农村集体产权结构开放性的历史演变与未来走向

[目的]改革开放40年来,为适应人口流动性提高、改进资源配置的需要,农村各类集体资产的产权结构发生了较大变化,但变化的方向和程度并不一致。面向未来,为促进乡村振兴,应重构农用地、集体经营性建设用地和集体非土地经营性资产等农村集体产权的权利结构,允许部分权能跨村流转和配置,提高乡村资源配置效率。[方法]在系统梳理文献、借鉴地方实践经验的基础上,阐述了农用地产权结构、集体经营性建设用地产权结构、集体非土地经营性资产产权结构开放性的历史演变与未来走向。[结果]随着农户的逐步分化,应以促进流转集中、扩大经营规模为目标,进一步扩大农用地产权结构的开放性;随着城乡统一的建设用地市场的发展,应以提高配置效率为目标,进一步扩大集体经营性建设用地产权结构的开放性;随着集体经济组织成员收入的多元化,应逐步扩大集体非土地经营性资产产权结构的开放性。[结论]必须在坚持农村集体所有制的前提下,逐步重构农村集体产权的权利结构,让稀缺的农用地不因集体经济组织成员的进城而荒芜,让进村创业和生活的非本集体经济组织成员能够获得必要的土地要素和居住空间,让村庄和集体资产治理结构能够更有效率。     

Assessment of decoupling between rural settlement area and rural population in China

In China, changes in rural settlement patterns are crucial because they may affect agricultural sustainability through encroachment on productive cropland and water resources and also reduce biodiversity. Rapid urbanization with accompanying socioeconomic transformation has resulted in decrease of the rural register population (RRP) in China since 2000. The effects of this change in RRP on rural settlement area (RSA) and the factors shaping the relationship between these measures of population and land use have attracted extensive research interest. We investigated the changes in RRP and RSA and used a decoupling model to analyze the relationship between them. We found that whereas RRP in China increased by 1.12% during 1996–2000, it decreased by 4.91% during 2000–2005. RSA increased by 0.62% and 0.09% during the periods 1996–2000 and 2000–2005, respectively. The RSA was slightly decoupled from RRP during 1996–2000 due to the shift in rural housing from one-floor houses to multi-floor houses. In the period 2000–2005, RSA was actually strongly negatively decoupled from RRP due to village-hollowing, which was driven mainly by a dual-track real property system (ownership by collectives, but use rights for individuals) as well as institutional–managerial and socioeconomic factors. In central and western China, the RSA was better able to be decoupled from RRP than in eastern China due to interprovincial rural migration.