The EU Budget and the CAP: An Agenda for the Review?

The promised review of the EU Budget in 2008 offers an opportunity to bring CAP financing into line with logic, justice and the rest of EU policy. Currently, the CAP is unique amongst European policies in being both mandatory and requiring 100 per cent financing by the EU budget. While this made good sense at the policy's inception, it is now an obsolete anachronism. A sensible and defensible agenda for financial reform, which is all that is on the reform agenda at present, is to make the EU budget responsible for only a fraction (say 25 per cent) of the costs of the current CAP, instead of the present 100 per cent. This would bring CAP financing into line with other EU policies, and make member states separately responsible for the balance for their own farmers, as they so wish, up to the CAP budgetary ceiling already agreed. Any resulting competition between member states in the extent and means by which they continue (or not) to support farmers through direct payments would be controlled through EU Competition and single market policies. Such competition would also provide a good opportunity for experiments with policy development, to the advantage of all, since different policies are required for the different stages of development and different local conditions now evident within the EU.     

Levelling the playing field for European Union agriculture: Does the Common Agricultural Policy impact homogeneously on farm productivity and efficiency?

Originally conceived as a post-war policy vehicle for ensuring agricultural self-sufficiency, the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has evolved into a multifunctional instrument designed to satisfy a diverse portfolio of European Union (EU) policy objectives including nature protection. Notwithstanding, whilst the CAP has become more environmental and socially responsible, it is still expected to deliver an efficient farm production system capable of competing on world markets. The current paper combines a farm business panel dataset for 98 EU territories with a Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) approach, to assess the impact of four contemporary broad categories of CAP subsidy programs on efficiency and environmental sustainability. In accordance with the literature, this study more correctly defines inputs as “facilitating”, whilst following recent methodological developments, crop-subsidies are treated as an endogenous strategic variable in the production function. Comparing between two discrete time periods, further tests are conducted to examine the hypothesis of technical efficiency convergence across european territories. The results suggest that first pillar crop subsidies and pillar two environmental programs generate a disincentive effect on productivity, whilst in general, the CAP promotes technical efficiency convergence within Europe.     

POLLUTION AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION*

Our economic perspective of the pollution problem characterizes that problem as involving a conflict between the consumption of two broad classes of goods–physical (or produced) commodities and the direct consumption of 'clean environment'. After considering the relative merits of market and political decision-making processes used to achieve appropriate social choices between the consumption of physical goods and 'clean environment', we focus on the alternative policy options for pollution control. The main conclusion we reach is that, in general, fiscal instruments (taxes and subsidies) are a more efficient means of controlling pollution than the widespread use of regulations or other legal instruments.     

Brexit,Trade Agreements and CAP Reform

Although a number of reforms have significantly changed the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP ) over the past two decades, a defining characteristic of the policy is its prohibitively high import tariffs on a number of key commodities as tariff cuts have not formed part of CAP reform. These high tariffs, whilst protecting EU producers, complicate the EU 's attempts to negotiate Free Trade Area (FTA ) agreements around the world, and will likewise be problematic for agri‐food trade with a post‐Brexit UK , particularly over the politically sensitive border between the EU ‐27 and the UK on the island of Ireland. An open border could be more easily secured if the UK 's tariff barriers on CAP products matched those of the EU ‐27. This, however, implies either that the UK will have to abandon its plans to pursue ‘free‐trade’ policies with other countries around the world, or that the EU ‐27 needs to complete its reform of the CAP by unilaterally reducing its tariff barriers. It seems highly unlikely that the challenges posed by Brexit would prompt the EU to unilaterally reduce its excessively high CAP tariffs.     

Opportunities and pitfalls for researchers to contribute to the design of evidence-based agricultural policies: lessons from Uganda

Agricultural policies in sub-Saharan Africa have paid insufficient attention to sustainable intensification. In Uganda, agricultural productivity has stagnated with aggregate increases in crop production being attributed to expansion of cultivated land area. To enhance sustainable crop intensification, the Ugandan Government collaborated with stakeholders to develop agricultural policies using an evidence-based approach. Previously, evidence-based decision-making tended to focus on the evidence base rather than evidence and its interactions within the broader policy context. We identify opportunities and pitfalls to strengthen science engagement in agricultural policy design by analysing the types of evidence required, and how it was shared and used during policy development. Qualitative tools captured stakeholders' perspectives of agricultural policies and their status in the policy cycle. Subsequent multi-level studies identified crop growth constraints and quantified yield gaps which were used to compute the economic analyses of policy options that subsequently contributed to sub-national program planning. The study identified a need to generate relevant evidence within a short time 'window' to influence policy design, power influence by different stakeholders and quality of stakeholder interaction. Opportunities for evidence integration surfaced at random phases of policy development due to researchers’ ’embededness’ within co-management and coordination structures.     

广州市流溪河流域白云区段生态系统服务价值

分析了流溪河流域白云区段生态系统的景观变化和生态环境现状，依据该段的土地详查数据(1993年)及其土地利用变更调查数据(2001年末)，引用Constanza等对全球生态系统服务单位公顷价值的平均估算结果，对流溪河流域白云区段生态系统服务价值进行评估；2001年流溪河流域白云区段生态系统服务的总价值为85190050．43美元，折合人民币70700．75万元，相当于该区域同期GDP的6．22％；由于存在一些影响核算结果准确性的因素，该结果是粗略与保守的估算。     

中国农产品贸易角色变迁：1949—2019

[目的]中国是农产品生产大国,同时也是农产品消费大国和贸易大国。1949—2019年中国农产品对外贸易历经70年的风雨,其在不同的历史阶段扮演着举足轻重的角色,通过回顾与总结农产品贸易发展历史,为未来中国农产品贸易发展提供经验借鉴。[方法]通过查阅历史文献,运用详实的历史统计数据进行分析。[结果]以重大历史事件为节点,将1949年以来农产品贸易发展史划分为3个阶段:即1949年至改革开放前夕、改革开放至入世前夕、入世至今。对应地,农产品贸易在中国经济发展中的主要角色被归纳为出口创汇、出口创汇与调剂余缺、优化资源配置与全面对外开放。文章着重探讨了各个阶段农产品贸易角色变迁的缘由、农产品贸易的特点。[结论]回顾70年农业贸易发展历史,中国农业贸易发展成就瞩目,发展历程艰辛曲折,中国现有农业贸易结构是发挥比较优势的产物,未来农业的发展以及农业贸易的开展,仍需遵循比较优势原理开展。     

基于二元Logistic模型的贫困山区农村土地流转意愿影响因素研究*——源于河北省贫困山区县的调研样本

[目的]农村土地流转是促进贫困地区经济发展的重要途径,尤其对于山区的脱贫具有重要意义,然而目前贫困山区农地流转过程中还存在农户流转意愿和流转行为不匹配、对土地流转政策理解不到位等突出问题,迫切需要针对贫困山区农村土地流转展开相关深入分析。[方法]文章基于河北省贫困山区县的调研数据,运用二元Logistic回归模型从农户自身情况、农户家庭情况、农户对土地政策认知、农户对土地流转期望等方面建立指标体系,实证分析土地流转意愿的影响因素,并利用交叉分析判断流转意愿和流转行为的匹配情况。[结果]贫困山区农村土地流转意愿影响因素的作用机制较为复杂且具有一定的特殊性,依据显著性水平将其影响因素分为3个层次,即外围、较强和显著性。[结论]建议通过重点完善贫困山区农村社会保障体系;培育完善农村土地流转市场,做好信息服务定位;深化土地相关政策的宣传和解释;拓展农村土地流转纠纷调解渠道,丰富调节形式等举措促进贫困山区农村土地流转,提高土地利用效率。     

广东省蜂产业的发展现状与趋势

[目的]文章就广东省养蜂业发展现状进行概述,并在此基础上从农业相关政策、社会效益、经济效益、生态效益、科研投入开发和企业经营模式角度,对广东省蜂产业发展趋势进行分析。[方法]采用实地调查、走访和查阅相关资料等方法,分别从相关行业主管部门、学会、行业领头军、科研单位、蜂农等方面展开翔实的调查,收集材料。[结果]广东省养蜂业具有养蜂规模化小且养蜂户分散,生产管理粗放,未能形成集约化、产业化规模效应等特点。此外,销售渠道狭隘也限制了规模的进一步扩展,给蜂产品行业企业收购、加工、销售带来了很大的障碍,同时也给蜂产品的食品安全问题带来很大的隐患。因此,广东省养蜂业需要经过适当的引导和管理,促进良性的发展。[结论]广东省具有蜂业发展的良好基础,不仅能带动山区农户脱贫致富,而且蜂产品消费市场潜力巨大,此外蜜蜂授粉的生态效益也不容小觑。因此,养蜂生产是一项大有作为的生产项目。今后,在此基础上,深入挖掘蜜蜂文化、认知及其认养等一体的休闲旅游,拓展蜂产业的发展。蜜蜂对发展山区经济和促进人类的健康有着不可估量的作用。养蜂业是一项非常值得期待的产业。     

Implementing Pillar II of the Common Agricultural Policy in England: Geographies of the Rural Enterprise Scheme and Processing and Marketing Grant

This paper examines the geography of two policy instruments – the Rural Enterprise Scheme (RES) and the Processing and Marketing Grant (PMG) – that formed part of the second ‘pillar’ of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in England between 2000 and 2006. It starts by outlining the ongoing debate over the role of geography in policy research, an outcome of which has been a call for more empirical work that explores the ‘difference that place makes’ in the implementation of public funding mechanisms. The paper argues that the CAP is ripe for geographical analysis, as the Agenda 2000 reforms can be interpreted as moving it away from a ‘sectoral’ (agricultural) approach to a more ‘territorial’ (rural development) one. After outlining the place of the RES and PMG in the reformed CAP in England, the paper discusses three factors – farm size, proportion of land rented and location – that may have influenced their geographies. The distribution of grant approvals under these schemes is then mapped using location quotients. Following this, the potential influence of the factors outlined above is tested using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistic. The conclusion revisits the opening discussion by reflecting on the difference that place has made to the implementation of the PMG and RES.     

Delivering on the Potential of the New CAP

Recent discussions on the CAP have focused on the budget. However, in the public debate the policy itself is often still a caricature of the old CAP that existed until the early 1990s. The CAP has changed fundamentally over the past decade. The recent direction of the CAP – markets and rural development – was set by the European Council in Göteborg and Lisbon. Strong economic performance must go hand in hand with the sustainable use of natural resources. The key elements of the new CAP are a market policy where intervention is a safety net, income stabilisation is delivered through decoupled aids subject to cross-compliance, and a reinforced rural development policy that focuses on jobs, growth and sustainability. We must use the new CAP to unlock the potential for growth, jobs and innovation and put good ideas into practice. We need to work in partnership with farmers, foresters, the agrifood business, NGOs, the population of rural areas, the research community and of course public authorities. But to achieve all of this we need a stable budgetary environment, in which farmers and businesses can plan. In short, we need the resources to deliver on the potential of the new CAP.     

基于化肥减量化管理的农业清洁生产多方联动机制框架研究

[目的]化肥减量增效是实现农业可持续发展的关键举措和优先任务,文章首先基于环境经济学的外部性理论分析与国内外研究现状综述,提出了新形势下基于利益相关方的视角开展化肥减量化管理多方联动机制研究的必要性。[方法]为构建有效的多方联动机制,需要全面了解利益相关方参与化肥减量化管理的现状与主要问题,该文实地调研了普通农户、新型经营主体的耕地保护意识、地力改善意识、清洁生产支付意愿和对政府的主要利益诉求并对其做了对比分析,同时通过关键人物访谈了解基层农技部门、有机肥生产企业在化肥减量过程中面临的主要困难。[结果]构建了化肥减量化管理多方联动机制框架,具体包括肥料生产与使用监管机制、耕地保护责任追究机制、化肥减量化技术推广机制、农业清洁生产补贴机制和绿色农产品消费引导机制等。[结论]结合当前农业供给侧结构性改革的政策背景,强调通过综合运用规范性、激励性和市场性政策工具和手段,建立有效的化肥减量化管理多方联动机制是实现化肥减量增效和农业可持续发展的必然要求。此外,该文补充强调了当前化肥减量应坚持用地、养地相结合,化肥、有机肥配合使用,在保持和改善当前地力水平的前提下,通过提质增效来确保粮食安全、农民增收。     

山东省乡村旅游资源开发与产业发展模式探析

改革开放以来,随着我国国内生产总值的不断提高,人民生活水平得到显著改善,乡村旅游产业也随之兴起。山东省作为我国的旅游资源大省,在乡村的旅游资源发展方面虽然取得了一定的成绩,但是其乡村旅游资源开发与产业发展模式方面仍然存在着一定的问题。文章对乡村旅游的理论进行了阐述,通过对山东省乡村地区旅游资源的现状和发展模式进行分析,发现其中存在着乡村地区旅游环境差、村民受教育水平不高导致当地旅游资源开发不充分、开发效率较低、产业发展模式较为落后、政策与法规管理体制不完善等问题,分析了以政府主导、企业主导和个人主导的3种发展模式对山东省乡村旅游资源开发与产业发展的优缺点,并据此提出了加强法律法规建设、通过创新打造山东省特色发展模式、合理利用与开发乡村旅游资源、做好宣传工作、树立乡村旅游新形象的针对性对策和建议,以期提高乡村旅游资源的开发程度,开拓山东省经济发展的新渠道。     

Quel prix pour la sécurite alimentaire? Une évaluation contingente suite à la crise européenne de la ≪ vache folle ≫

L'hypothèse d'une éventuelle contamination humaine par la maladie de Creutzfeldt‐Jakob, par le biais du prion de I'encéphalite spongiforme bovine (ESB), faite en 1996 par le ministre de la santé anglais a étéè l'origine d'une perte de confiance des consommateurs dans la viande de b?uf. Lew comportement en France a étéétudié a partir d'une enquête menée en 1997, auprés d'un échantillon représentatif de 700 personnes résidant dans l'agglomération de Rennes en Bretagne. L'enquête présente aux personnes interrogées un scénario contingent visant èévaluer leur consentement è payer (CAP) afin de disposer d'une viande pour laquelle tout risque de contamination par l'ESB est écarté. Un processus original de révélation des CAP a été utilisé, combinant la méthode du référendum et un système d'enchères. Le CAP moyen obtenu est relativement élevé puisqu'il atteint 22 % du prix initial de la viande. Un modéle micro‐économique visant è expliquer la valeur du CAP du consommateur pour une sécurité alimentaire totale par rapport è l'ESB est alors présenté. De cette formalisation micro‐economique découle une spécification économétrique correspondant au modele multinomial logit ordonnéè seuils connus. Parmi les variables ayant un role determinant dans le choix du CAP des consommateurs figurent notamment la confiance dans les indications géographiques et les labels. After the British Minister of Health admitted a possible link between the BSE prion and the Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease in 1996, consumers lost confidence in the beef sector. This paper analyses consumers behavior after the BSE crisis in France in 1997, based on a survey using a random sample of 700 people located in the area of Rennes (Bretagne). Particularly, a contingent scenario was proposed to the respondents to elicit their willingness to pay (WTP) to have beef which would not transmit CJD using a mix of the referendum method and the bidding process. The mean WTP reaches 22% and is consistent with results obtained in other studies. A microeconomic model is proposed and an econometric approach based on an ordered logit model is developed. Among the significant variables, it is interesting to note the role of stamps of quality to explains consumers'behavior. Such variables prove the interest of a transparency and tracability policy to restore the consumers confidence.     

我国家庭农场发展现状及其对策研究

家庭农场是在我国农村现有基础上建立的,是新型的农业生产主体,是实行农业现代化的金钥匙。家庭农场的出现,既增加农民的收入,又可以实现农业生产的产业化。文章运用文献分析和实地调研相结合的研究方法,分析了当前我国家庭农场的发展现状,即我国家庭农场呈现出经营规模不同、经营品种不同、经营效益较好、具有市场竞争力等明显特征。家庭农场的发展面临大好机遇,但是也存在土地产权认识不明晰、资金短缺、劳动力缺乏等瓶颈问题。并提出明确家庭农场认定标准、引导土地向家庭农场流转、农民的技术培训、完善农业保险、政府给予一定的资金政策等建议,旨在为各地区制定发展家庭农场政策提供参考。     

吉林省农民专业合作社的融资问题研究

农民专业合作社在国家政策支持下得到了快速发展,然而资金紧缺成为制约其发展的瓶颈。文章以吉林省农民专业合作社为例对其融资问题展开研究,针对吉林省农民专业合作社的发展现状,从资本构成、债务来源、融资困难程度等3个方面对融资现状进行分析,发现目前吉林省农民合作社债务融资比例较低,且民间融资成为其主要融资来源,多数合作社存在不同程度的融资困难。并选取影响农民专业合作社融资问题的合作社盈利能力、合作社抗风险能力、合作社管理机制、信用状况、涉农金融机构信贷倾向、涉农金融机构创新能力和政府政策等7个变量建立解释结构模型(ISM),最终得出信用状况和金融机构的创新能力是影响合作社融资的根本原因,合作社的盈利能力和涉农金融机构的信贷倾向是表层原因,合作社的抗风险能力、管理机制和政府政策则是通过底层信用状况和涉农金融机构的创新能力传导到表层。针对合作社融资难,该文从合作社、涉农金融机构、当地政府等方面,提出相应对策与建议。     

内部需求、外部因素对农户宅基地退出的影响研究——基于马斯洛需求理论视角的审视

目的 通过马斯洛需求理论视角将影响农户的诸多因素分为内部和外部两个层面,厘清农户宅基地退出的影响因素,为指导农村宅基地有序退出,提高农村土地利用效率提供政策建议。方法 文章利用江西安义和湖北监利两个地区138份农户调研数据,运用Probit计量分析模型,对农户宅基地退出的影响因素和影响强度进行了研究。结果 （1）居住、养老、就业等事关当前农户退出宅基地后所面临的社会保障与生计的因素,表征农户的安全方面的需求,对农户宅基地退出产生了显著的影响;（2）发展机遇因素和政策互动因素表征了农户在退地过程中的社交和尊重方面的需求,也对宅基地退出产生了显著的影响;（3）社会保障与生计方面的需求的作用强度要明显高于社交和尊重方面的需求因素,产生的影响强度也相对较强。结论 （1）政府部门加强对保障和生计的重视,应该保证退地后经济补偿,退地后给予城镇购房补助政策的支持力度和农户退地后生活质量改善情况,维持农民的可持续生计水平。（2）注重政策宣传是否到位,政府关于宅基地退出优惠政策,以及安置就业难易程度的考虑。（3）在当前宅基地制度改革中各地财力不均的情况下,应优先注重农户退出购房补偿的货币安置和住房安置,做到政策有的放矢。     

The Distribution of CAP Benefits among Member States and the Impact of a Partial Re‐nationalisation: A Note

Using an approach based on the PSE/CSE methodology, this paper estimates the distribution of benefits due to the CAP among the EU member states and the impact on them of a CAP partial re‐nationalisation scenario under the current policy mix as well as under full decoupling. Currently, Ireland, Denmark, Greece, Spain and France are found to benefit from the operation of the CAP. Full decoupling increases the benefits to these countries and the losses of Germany and the UK, while it decreases the losses of some others. Re‐nationalisation benefits today's losers, particularly Germany. Overall, the CAP is found to promote cohesion among EU member states, especially when moving closer to full decoupling. Partial re‐nationalisation decreases the CAP effect on cohesion.     

基于创新创业的新型农业经营主体多维形式研究

随着农业的发展,传统的农户模式已不能满足现有的农产品市场需求,新型农业经营主体的出现丰富了农民生产经营农产品的形式。新型农业经营主体主要包括家庭农场、专业大户、农民合作社、农业企业4种类型。新型农业经营主体优势在于更加规模化、集中化、市场化,符合现代农业发展方向。文章通过对家庭农场、专业大户、农民合作社、农业企业等新型农业经营主体发展现状进行分析,探究新型农业经营主体面临的阻碍难题,提出完善政府支持政策、加大金融扶持及提高农技服务等相应的措施。