家庭农场与农户小规模农地对农业技术服务需求行为差异及影响因素

［目的］在农业的发展过程中，以集约化土地种植为主的新型经营主体将极大地促进农业的现代化发展，这是新型的农业经营主体追求效益的最大化的选择性行为，也是政府主导和扶持的新型农民的政策缩影。文章探讨现代农业发展的背景下不同种植规模经营主体对于农业技术服务的需求行为差异和影响因素。［方法］以新疆棉区的1 043户小规模种植农户和683户家庭农场主的调查数据为例，对以家庭农场（种植面积267hm2及以上）为例的新型农业经营主体与传统农户小规模农地对农业技术服务需求行为运用二元Logistic模型进行实证分析。［结果］(1)家庭耕地面积是影响家庭农场对农业技术服务需求行为的主要因素； 而文化程度、是否参加农业合作社、村里是否有农业合作社是家庭农场对农业技术服务需求行为的影响程度最大的。(2)而参加农业技术培训次数是影响农户小规模农地对农业技术服务需求行为的主要因素； 是否参加农业技术培训是农户小规模农地对农业技术服务需求行为的影响程度最大的。［结论］（1）农业技术服供给机构应根据农户经营种植的耕地面积，对用户进行分类管理。（2）农业技术服务机构应协同基层部门加大对农业技术服务的宣传力度，全面提升种植农户的认知程度。（3）培育新型农业经营主体，为农业技术服务培育不同规模需求的优良农户。     

建设用地需求预测的理论与方法--以江苏省为例

研究目的:探寻适合中国土地管理实际需求的建设用地需求预测的理论与方法.研究方法:在理论分析基础上将建设用地需求预测概念以及三种可能适用于需求预测的土地经济理论数学化、模型化,并进行实证研究.研究结果:研究发现"十一五"期间江苏省建设用地需求与管理压力进一步增大,但适当的土地政策可以避免3-5万hm2的过度性土地损失.研究结论:加快先进分析方法与工具的创新与应用,提升中国土地资源规划管理的水平.     

The International Competitiveness of the Palestinian Agriculture

The purpose of this study is to identify and measure the impacts of factors which are expected to influence the competitiveness of the Palestinian agriculture by using the market share approach with an econometric model. Over the past three decades, Palestinian agriculture has been subjected to increased international and regional competition. The impact of this competition is in part evidenced by trend decline in the West Bank and Gaza Strip agricultural exports in one hand, and the increases in agricultural imports on the other. The empirical results indicate that the performances of domestic and import market shares could be increased through improving the productivities of the major production factors such as land, labor and capital. Applying this policy would enhance the competitiveness of Palestinian agriculture by increasing local production to replace farm imports from Israel. On the other land, future farm export competitiveness will be closely linked to improvements in production, marketing efficiency and removing non-tarrif trade barriers (NTBs) imposed by Jordan and Israel.     

河南省家庭农场发展研究

国内外家庭农场发展的实践证明,适宜的家庭农场模式是农业现代化乃至经济崛起的关键.本文首先运用实证分析法对我国发展家庭农场典型地区及河南省已有家庭农场和种养大户进行实例调查与分析,总结了我国及河南发展家庭农场的历程和现状;其次,运用归纳法得出了河南发展家庭农场存在土地流转难、政策支持不明朗、职业农场主人才缺乏等现实困境的结论;再次,结合土地流转情况以及现有土地所有者、经营者的能力和愿景,参考国内外家庭农场选择模式的经验,为河南设计”小规模兼营型家庭农场”的发展模式,并从经营主体、经营规模、认可模式、土地流转模式及规模4个主要方面提出了具体的推进思路;然后,运用演绎法得出家族企业的公司治理模式为其发展趋势的观点;最后,从河南省角度提出加快土地流转制度改革,确立相关法规,制定与完善财政、税收、金融、保险等扶持政策,培育具有企业家素质的新型职业农民的政策建议,构建了制度保障体系.     

Examining gender inequalities in land rights indicators in Asia

A broad consensus has emerged among both policymakers and researchers that strengthening women's property rights is crucial for reducing poverty and achieving equitable growth. Despite the important role of land in rural livelihoods and as a form of wealth in many Asian countries, surprisingly few nationally representative data exist on women's property rights in Asia.This paucity hinders the formulation and implementation of appropriate policies to reduce gender gaps in land rights. This article reviews the existing micro‐level, large sample data on men's and women's control of land, identifies what can and cannot be measured by these data, and uses these measures to assess the gaps in the land rights of women and men. Utilizing nationally representative individual‐ and plot‐level data from Bangladesh, Tajikistan, Vietnam, and Timor‐Leste, we calculate five indicators: incidence of landownership, distribution of landownership, distribution of plots owned, mean plot size, and distribution of land area, all by sex of owner. The results show large gender gaps in landownership across countries. However, the limited information on joint and individual ownership are among the most critical data gaps and thus are an important area for future data collection and analysis.     

FARM DIVERSIFICATION AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Under a new policy initiative, grants will be payable for the setting up of ancillary businesses on or adjacent to farms in the UK. While this initiative is to be welcomed, it is suggested that more could be done to develop the rural economy as a whole. Farm diversification grants, modelled on previous farm capital grant schemes, are focused on a narrow range of activities, for which demand is likely to be limited, and are most appropriate for the larger farm. They imply that farmine will continue to be the main activity and run counter to current trends. The goals of rural development and farm income support might be pursued more effectively by encouraging the creation in rural areas of off-farm employment, unrelated to agriculture, and suitable for members of families on low-income farms.     

Differential livelihood impacts of oil palm expansion in Indonesia

In this article, the impacts of oil palm adoption on livelihoods of smallholder farm households are analyzed. The study builds on survey data from Sumatra, Indonesia. Treatment‐effects and endogenous switching regression models suggest that smallholder households benefit from oil palm adoption on average. Part of the benefit stems from the fact that oil palm requires less labor than rubber, the main alternative crop. This allows oil palm adopters to allocate more labor to off‐farm activities and/or to expand their farmland. For households with a low land‐to‐labor ratio, rubber is typically a more lucrative crop than oil palm. Depending on various social and institutional factors, households’ access to land, labor, and capital varies, contributing to impact heterogeneity. Welfare gains associated with oil palm are more pronounced among households that have formal land titles and access to additional land to expand their farm size during the process of adoption.     

Land owners’ perception of land consolidation and their satisfaction with the results – Slovenian experiences

Land consolidation has been an important instrument of rural development for over a century throughout Europe. Nowadays, land consolidation can be an integral part of both rural and urban development projects, but the focus of our study is on land consolidation in rural areas. In addition to the efforts aimed at making agriculture and forestry more competitive through a comprehensive reallocation process, improvement of road and drainage networks, landscaping, environmental management, conservation projects, and other functions may be implemented in land consolidation. There are differences in the objectives and procedures of land consolidation among the countries. Beside the formal institutional framework of land consolidation, informal institutions can have a substantial influence on the implementation of land consolidation. In the article, the past experiences in the field of land consolidation in Slovenia are presented, which are still reflected in the limited acceptability of this instrument among land owners. Furthermore, the current institutional (legal) framework is analyzed in detail. The main objective of the research was to investigate the opinion of land consolidation participants about land consolidation. Based on the field survey conducted on a sample of private land owners involved in selected land consolidation projects we tried to define the advantages and disadvantages of the current practice. The main finding is that the active participation of land owners contributes to their comprehension of the aims and to their satisfaction with the results of the land consolidation. It has been shown that the active participation of land owners in the land consolidation is the basis for developing good practices; moreover, it affects the land owners’ perception of land consolidation. The transfer of knowledge and representation of good practices among actors are still needed, in particular because of bad experiences in the past (i.e. enforced and environmentally unfriendly projects) and the traditional emotional attachment to land among land owners. In parallel, there is a great need to provide an optimization of the land consolidation process in Slovenia.     

从模糊到明晰:中国古代土地产权制度之变迁

西周是以村社小共同体为基础的多级贵族所有制，商鞅变法使土地产权向单级所有制过渡，公田与私田开始分离。西晋占田制后，对土地所有权的争夺从从暴力形式转向平和、从法外形式转向规范。唐两税法后，国家对土地所有权由诸多限制变为更加尊重和放任，匿田漏税与查田均税的争夺代替了兼并与反兼并的斗争。总之，中国古代土地产权制度的发展经过了从模糊到明晰的发展过程。     

EFFECTS ON FARM INCOMES AND RURAL LABOUR OF A RELATIVE INCREASE IN WAGES*

We use the concept of the elasticity of farm incomes with respect to changes in input prices to analyse the effects of a large increase in relative wages on selected measures of farm incomes. In order to estimate the elasticity of farm incomes we have to estimate elasticities and cross-elasticities of demand and supply for farm labour and capital. The estimates of elasticity of demand for operator and hired labour allow us to calculate the impact of a rise in wages on numbers of farmers and hired labour employed in agriculture.     

土地整治公众参与机制中的社会资本及其作用

研究目的：分析土地整治公众参与机制中的社会资本内涵、表现形式及其作用于土地整治的实现途径。研究方法：文献资料法,归纳分析法,实证分析法。研究结果：厘清了土地整治公众参与机制中社会资本的概念及层次内涵,阐述了社会资本作用于土地整治的两种实现途径。研究结论：（1）社会资本是农民之间合作的基础,体现在以信任、互惠、规范和合作为基本特征而构建的社会参与网络;（2）土地整治公众参与机制中的社会资本在农村基层组织中得以显化,是建立和优化土地整治公众参与机制的充分必要条件;（3）社会资本与农村土地制度变迁相互影响相互作用。     

Changing Patterns in Family Farming: The Case of the Pampa Region, Argentina

In the past few decades, Argentine agriculture has been significantly reorganized. Changes include the marked growth of export production, the need for an increasing level of capital investment and technological incorporation into farms and the restructuring of public intervention. This paper examines the dynamics of farm exit and the adjustments made by capitalized family farmers in the Pampa region. We suggest transformations in family farms are the result of a substantial shift in their main characteristics which historically combined the use of family labour, a certain accumulation capacity and ownership status. In particular, we will discuss the different and changing patterns of farm operations and the adjustments made with respect to work and land tenure.     

Agriculture in land reform farms: Impact on livelihoods of beneficiaries in the Waterberg district,South Africa

Countries have pursued land reform (LR) to contribute towards equity, poverty alleviation and job creation. Land confiscation and market-assisted approaches are used the most in expediting LR. The approach adopted in each of the countries will depend on the prevailing circumstances and priorities of those advocating for LR. South Africa implemented LR for the past two decades aimed to provide meaningful contribution to the livelihood of beneficiaries, among others. However, economic quantification of livelihood gains attained by households (hhs) from LR farms is unknown. The present paper aimed to quantify the economic contributions to livelihoods of various activities at LR farms, and to analyse factors underlying these contributions. We surveyed 87 hhs who were active in 43 LR farms in the Waterberg District, Limpopo Province. Five LR farm types were distinguished: Restitution (Rest), settlement/land acquisition grant (SLAG), land redistribution for agricultural development phases 1 and 2 (LRAD1 and LRAD2) and proactive land acquisition strategy (PLAS) farms. We used a stepwise approach for data collection, which included focus group discussions, household (hh) surveys and livelihood pie charts. On-farm contributions were higher (±49.5%) in LRAD1, LRAD2 and PLAS, compared to on-farm contributions of hhs in Rest and SLAG (±15.5%), because most of the hh heads (±68.3%) were younger (≤59 years), and hhs were physical capital endowed and farmed in physical capital endowed farms. Livestock farming was a key land use activity because of the prevailing agroecological conditions. The LR policy should prioritise provision of farm physical capital and livestock production to improve on-farm livelihood contributions in physical capital poor farms.     

Endogenous institutional innovation and agroindustrialization on the Peruvian coast

This paper presents an analysis of endogenous institutional innovations that have recently emerged in the agroindustrial zone of Chincha, on the coast of Peru. These innovations include: (1) contracts between agroindustrial firms and large farmers, introduced by the firms themselves to assure timely delivery and compliance with strict requirements implied by the emerging demanding quality and safety standards for agro‐export of processed asparagus; (2) management services exchanged for labor supervision and land collateral in share tenancy contracts between a management company and “farmer companies” of small cotton farmers. These contracts introduced by the management company illustrate those described theoretically by Eswaran and Kotwal [Am. Econ. Rev. 75 (3), 352–367]. The nature and importance of these institutional changes are twofold: (1) They were induced institutional innovations driven by the requirements of agroindustrialization itself. (2) Together they had ambiguous employment and income impacts (tending to the negative). On the one hand, the emergence of asparagus and firm‐farm contracts reduced employment through exclusion of small farms and shifts to capital‐intensive crops. On the other hand, the reinforcement of smallholder cotton and the emergence of farmer companies increased employment and income of smallholders. The institutional innovation allowed them to reduce risk and increase profits and thus access some of the benefits of agroindustrialization and globalization. While processing firm‐farm contracts are common in Peru, as is the presence of NGOs bringing subsidized credit, the private management firm innovation is rare and new in Peru and apparently also in the region, and of great interest. In fact, policymakers and NGOs have recently discovered that this innovation is taking place and are asking hard questions about whether this innovation can and will be diffused. The interest in the private for‐profit institutional change is sharpened by growing doubts about how economically sustainable and widespread a response NGO help can be to small farmers in maintaining their participation in income‐enhancing agroindustrialization. Moreover, with changes in land laws and markets the fluidity of the situation is apparent, with agroindustrial firms even starting to ask themselves whether contracts with large farms are necessary and best.     

基于RS和GIS的土地利用结构动态变化及发展预测研究--以南通市为例

在遥感技术（RS）与地理信息系统（GIS）技术支持下,通过对南通市区2003年、2005年、2007年三期中巴地球资源卫星CBERS遥感影像数据进行处理,并通过对处理后的图像进行非监督分类获得了南通市三期土地利用类型图和不同土地利用类型的面积数据,之后通过对三期土地利用类型数据进行叠加分析,得到了南通市区土地利用类型转移矩阵,计算了各种地类的变化率,并对未来南通市区土地利用变化情况做出了预测,结果表明：1.南通市土地变化总体呈现出建设用地持续快速增长,耕地显著减少的趋势;2.导致这种变化的直接诱因则是南通城市化进程加快,经济发展迅速,建筑用地正在不断的取代耕地和其他用地;3.如果以当前的变化模式稳定延续下去,在2012年后很短时间内南通市区建设用地面积将占全区总面积的50%以上,同时耕地面积会进一步大幅下降,土地非农化的趋势将更加明显。     

城郊休闲农业景观地游憩价值估算——以武汉市石榴红农场为例

研究目的:以石榴红农场为例,对城郊休闲农业景观地的游憩价值进行估算。研究方法:在对样本游客及农庄调查的基础上,应用TCM的两种基本模型ZTCM和ITCM进行估算。研究结果:(1)ITCM和ZTCM两种模型对环境资源游憩效益的估算存在一定差异。本案例中,ZTCM估算的游憩价值界于ITCM线性需求函数和半对数需求函数的估计值之间,其中ITCM线性需求函数的估计值低于ZTCM的估算值,仅是后者的68.81%;而半对数旅游需求函数对游憩效益的估计值则高于ZTCM的估计值,两者的比值为1.55∶1。(2)同一模型(ITCM)中,不同旅游需求函数设定下所估算出的游憩效益显著不同,需求函数的选择直接关系估计值的高低。本研究中,ITCM的半对数旅游需求函数估算出的消费者剩余是4345.4元/人,高于线性需求函数的估算值,是线性需求函数估计值的2.25倍。(3)取估算均值为准,可粗略地估算出石榴红农场2006年总的消费者剩余在5453.33万元,游客人均消费者剩余(consumer surplus,CS)3029.63元,农业景观地年均游憩价值361078元/hm2。研究结论:农业景观地年均游憩效益是传统种植收益的15.7倍,是休闲农场目前土地经营性收入的6倍,农业景观地的游憩价值远远高于其通过市场显现的经济产值,是农地资源价值构成中无法忽略的重要组成部分。     

耕地生产、生态功能视角下巨型城市区耕地补偿分区与补偿金配置研究

研究目的：探讨巨型城市区耕地生产、生态多功能需求下耕地补偿分区及补偿金配置模式。研究方法：文献资料法和模型分析法。研究结果：耕地补偿分区以耕地功能供需关系为直接依据,以区域公平为出发点;食物生产功能应是各级补偿分区的第一准则,生态服务功能应作为该功能需求强烈的巨型城市区的第二准则;复杂的层级式行政管理体制下,粮食安全视角的补偿金配置应以省级补偿关系为起点,兼顾土地利用效率理论及区域主体功能定位,采用自上而下的路径配置到末级实施单元;生态安全视角的耕地补偿面向巨型城市区内部,补偿分区及补偿金测算可直接到末级实施单元,不需要复杂的资金配置体系。研究结论：提出“粮食安全与生态安全二元制的巨型城市区耕地补偿分区模式及补偿金配置模型”,珠三角的案例分析验证了模式及模型的良好可行性。     

杭州、绍兴农户劳动力流动与农户土地利用群体类型的Crosstabs分析

研究目的：根据农户转出劳动力就业形式、流动规模和农户土地利用方式分别进行农户群体类型划分,探讨农户劳动力流动和土地利用的相互关系,以期为制定农村地区发展政策提供基础研究支持。研究方法：针对杭州、绍兴农户劳动力流动的情况,选择了7个村159户农民进行实地调查,在调查的基础上,对调查数据进行统计分析。研究结果：（1）调研地区农户群体类型分划基本清晰,主要为打工主导型和转出滞留型,占调研总数的50.94%、30.80%;（2）45.68%的打工主导型农户和22.45%的转出滞留型农户将土地全部转出用于农业用途,户均转出面积分别为0.12 hm2、0.14 hm2,而32.65%的转出滞留型农户则将全部土地用于耕种粮食作物,户均种植面积为0.13 hm2;（3）各类型农户目前主要为解决家庭消费用粮而耕种土地,64.20%的农户打算今后几年继续上年的土地经营状况,有扩张经营规模的农户比例相对较低。研究结论：根据不同农户群体类型的特点制定对应性实施政策,合理引导永久迁移主导型农户家庭向城镇地区转移,关注劳动力滞留型农户的土地耕种意愿,对其他4类农户群体则制定适宜的劳动力转移和土地利用保障政策。     

浅析如何提升农业科研院所人事档案管理效能

[目的]家庭农场是实现农业现代化的重要主体,进一步研究粮食类家庭农场培育的影响因素并提出培育对策和建议,对于确保粮食安全和实现农民增收具有重要意义.[方法]文章以山东省齐河县、肥城市、寿光市、安丘市、即墨市、莱州市的粮食类家庭农场为研究对象,进行问卷调研,然后运用描述统计、均值分析、因子分析和回归分析等方法,分析粮食类家庭农场的经营现状及其成立和经营的影响因素.[结果]分别对应家庭农场成立和家庭农场经营等2个因变量,运用SPSS19.0软件进行线性回归分析,分析结果P值均为0.000,说明模型能够有效反映影响因素对家庭农场的成立存在显著的影响,有效反映影响因素对家庭农场的经营存在显著的影响;Durbin-Watson值分别为2.292、2.156,均介于1~3之间,说明回归模型残差独立,回归模型有效.[结论](1)社会化服务已经不再是培育家庭农场的障碍,农场主可以容易地获得生产资料、生产技术、生产过程服务,从劳务市场雇佣劳动者以及将农产品销售出去;(2)农场主和劳动雇工、资金及土地是培育家庭农场的主要影响因素;(3)产业带动对家庭农场的培育影响不显著;(4)基础设施对家庭农场的成立存在一定影响.     

Why small farms persist? The influence of farmers’ characteristics on farm growth and development. The case of smaller dairy farmers in NZ

Human capital is an important resource in primary production impacting on farmers’ decisions and actions. Given their current and expected economic environment, farmers must use their human capital in mapping out a trajectory for their farm. This study considers particular aspects of farmers’ human capital and its influence on farm growth, or lack of it. Farmers’ characteristics as expressed through their personality, intelligence and objectives are the main human capital aspects considered in a sample of smaller NZ dairy farms. They are somewhat typical of western farmers working on smaller farms. They can be broadly classed into Expanders, Maintainers and Retractors. It is hypothesised each group will have distinct and different personal characteristics and these influence the farmers’ choice of trajectory. This is in addition to purely economic factors. It is also hypothesised the characteristics influence the farmers’ choice of development strategy and how challenges to the strategy are viewed. The data collected from the small dairy farms support the hypotheses suggesting the design of policy and extension programs must allow for these human capital drivers. Using past data, it is also shown aspects of human capital are different in large farms emphasising the same conclusion.