土地整治对中国粮食产出稳定性的贡献

研究目的:研究土地整治对粮食产出稳定性的贡献,为制定合理高效的土地整治政策,促进粮食增产稳产提供依据。研究方法:采用H-P滤波法实证分析中国粮食产量的波动性及增长趋势,然后基于C-D生产函数,分别建立趋势产量和波动强度面板回归模型,分析土地整治对粮食产出稳定性的影响。研究结果:(1)粮食作物播种面积、农业机械总动力、农用化肥施用量均对粮食长期趋势产生不同程度促进作用;农业劳动力对主产区粮食长期趋势影响显著为负,对非主产区却有正向影响。(2)土地整治面积和单位面积投资额均降低了全国及主产区粮食产量的波动程度,土地整治规模在全国和主产区的影响系数分别为-1.4162和-2.2215;单位土地整治面积投资额在全国和主产区的影响系数分别为-0.7589和-1.3509。(3)土地整治新增耕地面积对全国和主产区的粮食产量波动强度影响为正,影响系数分别为0.8018和1.3931。可能是通过土地整治新增的耕地质量较低,产出不高,导致了粮食产量波动。土地整治投入在非主产区均表现为不显著。研究结论:应继续推进尤其是主产区的土地整治项目实施,加大土地整治投资强度,建立长期稳定的投入机制,合理使用整治资金,注重提高新增耕地质量和综合生产能力,同时将土地整治投入和管理机制与农业生产系统运行机制、自然因素等有效结合,并制定差别化区域政策,以保障粮食增产稳产和区域协调发展。     

农村土地整治对促进农业现代化水平的影响分析

研究目的:分析土地整治对促进农业现代化水平的影响程度及其区域特征。研究方法:采用基于向量自回归模型的脉冲响应和方差分解法量化土地整治对农业现代化水平的影响,采用因子分析法识别土地整治对农业现代化有显著影响的区域的自然、社会和经济特征。研究结果:(1)从全国层面看,土地整治面积、新增耕地面积和整治投资额对促进农业现代化水平均有正向作用,相应的方差贡献率分别为13.1%、1.1%和8.3%;(2)从区域层面看,在经济发展相对滞后、城镇化水平较低、耕地质量较差、土地开发程度较低的区域,土地整治对农业现代化水平的影响较为显著。研究结论:土地整治对农业现代化水平的提升具有正向作用,但区域差异较为显著,应针对不同地区在自然条件、社会状况、经济发展水平等方面的特征,开展差异化整治,特别是在土地整治对农业现代化提升作用不显著的地区,应对整治方式、后期利用等方面进行反思,慎重开展土地整治工程。     

城市住房价格局部线性地理加权回归分析——以湖北省黄石市为例

研究目的:以土地稀缺、资源组团型城市——湖北省黄石市为例,尝试引入局部线性地理加权回归(LLGWR)方法,探索住房价格及影响因子的空间变化规律,为政府房地产市场管理和土地利用规划提供借鉴。研究方法:整理1.93×104个住房样本和398个楼栋样本,遴选楼栋总层数、容积率、绿化率、小区等级、距区域中心距离、销售年份等作为解释变量,采用LLGWR方法构建城市住房价格的模型,并进行分析与解释。研究结果:与常规线性回归(OLS)相比,地理加权回归(GWR)和LLGWR能更合理和准确地解释住房价格的空间变异,且LLGWR优于GWR;销售年份、容积率、地理区位能显著影响住房价格,同时楼栋总层数、绿化率等因素影响住房价格,且在不同功能片区具有明显差异。研究结论:LLGWR模型可以实现系数函数和误差方差的无偏估计,提高模型的估测精度,能更为准确地解释住房价格;宏观市场趋势是影响住房价格的关键因素,但在不同的地理区位,住房价格增长趋势有明显的差异;土地利用规划和土地供应影响房地产空间分布,但研究区内土地价格对住房价格的影响不明显。     

指示克立格法及其在城市地价评估中的应用

目前地价评估中常用的模型法没有考虑地价样点的自身特点,存在一定的缺陷。将非参数的地质统计学的指示克立格法引用到地价评估领域,计算出地价评估中的克立格函数,据此分析地价分布的空间变异特征,估算出各评估单元的地估算价值,并给出了估计误差。     

基于DEM的丘陵山区土地整理项目辅助决策

研究目的:借助DEM进行丘陵山区土地整理项目辅助决策,以期为丘陵山区土地整理项目的规划设计工作提供参考.研究方法:利用项目区大比例尺地形图及相关资料建立DEM,利用ARCGIS等软件,实现项目区总体规划方案,工程项目规划和工程量测算等方面的辅助决策.研究结果:采用DEM进行丘陵山区土地整理项目辅助决策方法可行且可提高工作效率、增强设计精度.研究结论:利用DEM在空间地形处理方面的优势,可为复杂地形条件下的土地整理项目提供辅助决策,有必要利用DEM和GIS软件的空间分析与处理功能,在常用GIS平台上开发一套专用于土地整理项目规划设计的工具包,从总体上提高土地整理工作科技水平.     

中国土地整治文献分析与研究进展

研究目的:分析30年来土地整治的文献特点,提出土地整治的研究热点和主要进展,为中国土地整治的理论构建和深入研究提供科学依据。研究方法:文献资料法、归纳分析法和比较分析法。研究结果:30年来,中国土地整治文章数量总体上呈现先上升后下降的趋势;土地整治的研究尺度多为行政区尺度,对自然区域尺度和多尺度的研究较为少见;土地整治新增耕地的数量与质量研究、土地整治对生态环境的影响、土地整治与新农村建设和土地整治的效益评价是当前的研究热点。研究结论:中国土地整治研究取得了显著进展,但仍存在诸多不足,以下几方面的研究仍需加强:(1)重视土地整治本质内涵及核心理论与目标的研究;(2)提高土地整治数量与质量研究的同时注重对生态潜力以及粮食产能和粮食安全的研究;(3)深化土地整治对生态环境影响的研究;(4)探索土地整治效益评价的新方法;(5)注重土地整治研究中的尺度界定和多尺度耦合研究。     

农村建设用地整治潜力规模与空间格局协同模拟研究 ——以湖北省宜城市为例

研究目的:提出一种农村建设用地整治潜力规模与空间格局协同预测模拟模型,为国土空间规划和全域土地综合整治提供更加准确的决策依据。研究方法:首先对社会经济宏观因素影响下的区域农村建设用地整治潜力规模进行分析,进而利用土地利用时空建模方法对农村建设用地图斑的整治概率进行预测,实现潜力规模约束下的整治潜力空间格局模拟,并以湖北省宜城市为案例区对模型的性能进行验证。研究结果:(1)宜城市2021—2035年农村建设用地整治的理论和现实潜力规模分别为4912.46 hm²和2201.94 hm²;(2)模型对宜城市农村建设用地图斑的整治潜力格局模拟准确率为81.58%,召回率为0.9879。研究结论:模型实现了对农村建设用地整治潜力规模与空间格局的协同预测与模拟,能为国土空间规划和全域土地综合整治等专项规划提供更加精细的决策依据。     

基于地形复杂度的农用地整治项目选址适宜性评价——以甘肃省天水市为例

[目的]地形条件对农用地整治具有一定的约束作用,是整治项目选址必须考虑的因素。[方法]该研究应用Arcgis地理软件及数字高程模型,结合海拔高度、坡度、地表破碎度3个地形因子,综合评价天水市农用地整治项目选址适宜性。[结果]天水市的土地面积主要分布在坡度为10°~15°的海拔高度为1319~2011m的地区,地势复杂,地貌分异明显;秦州区和麦积区整体海拔高度相对较小,天水市中部地区,地势相对平坦,土地整治较为适宜;地表破碎度、海拔高度及坡度之间存在一定的内在联系;天水市各乡镇的综合地形复杂度平均值为0.308,处于非常适宜、比较适宜,临界适宜的乡镇有74个;新兴镇、洛门镇、郭川乡、新阳乡、安远镇、兴丰乡坡度均在15°以下,综合地形复杂度较小,且集中连片程度较好,是农用地整治项目选址较为适宜地区。[结论]应用地形复杂度对天水市农用地整治项目进行选址,集中整合开发整治农用地,对于提高工程效率,减少地形约束、降低施工成本具有积极作用。     

土地利用规划中人口预测模型的比较研究

研究目的:研究土地利用规划中几种常用人口预测模型的特点和适用条件,为土地利用总体规划编制工作服务.研究方法:统计分析法和对比分析法.研究结果:利用人口历史统计数据建立预测模型,分时段进行预测,并与实际观察值比较,得出预测误差的大小,通过预测误差大小的分析比较,总结了各种预测模型的特性与适用条件.研究结论:一元线性回归法适用于数据直线趋势较明显的预测;历史数据较少时,可用指数平滑和移动平均数法;数据情况复杂时可采用GM(1,1)模型法;自然增长率等资料准确可靠时可采用人口自然增长法或马尔萨斯法;宋健模型法用于短期预测的精度较高;土地规划中人口预测应多种预测方法综合运用.     

回归模型中异方差问题的处理

在拟合首都居民消费结构变动的回归模型时,由于分析不同时期居民收入的消费支出水平出现了异方差问题,对拟合的回归模型用等级相关检验和戈德菲尔特－奎特检验,结果也说明了异方差性,因此,提出对原模型进行变换,或用加权最小二乘法消除其异方差,保证了模型的适用性。这些方法可为同类经济变量的预测提供参考。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Towards an Integration of R & D and Marketing in Production Development

Abstract

In this paper, two approaches which are characteristic for Research & Development and Marketing departments are compared. First, R&D versus Marketing orientations are explained, then the major differences between them are presented. The integration of both approaches may improve competitive advantage of the food industry. Factors stimulating such integration are presented on the basis of data from real business circumstances. Innovation is regarded as a major source of competitive advantage of company. Therefore, integration in sensory methodology, that is commonly but differently used by R & D and Marketing departments, may contribute to the improvement of innovation practices and successful business performance. Finally, the role of consumer tests, oriented for marketing and product development, is illustrated.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式，发挥地质工作优势，推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步，紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势，加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况，积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源，两个市场”的思路，通过实施中外合作勘查项目，以境外勘查工作为载体和平台，实施引进来和走出去战略，为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

The Real of Community,the Desire for Development and the Performance of Egalitarianism in the Peruvian Andes: A Materialist–Utopian Account

The paper proposes a materialist–utopian perspective for explaining the persistence of community in the Andes by drawing upon Lacanian theory and the thought of the Peruvian Marxist José Carlos Mariátegui. What characterizes the Andean comunidad are not notions of belonging and identity, but the existence of a fundamental antagonism (what I call the ‘Real of community’). The argument unfolds ethnographically. Usibamba, a peasant comunidad in the central Peruvian Andes, is known as a highly egalitarian and disciplined comunidad. However, a disjunction exists between deep‐seated aspirations of justice and egalitarianism and the particularistic interests of families and individuals. This disjunction manifests itself in a contradictory, schizophrenic regime of discipline and negotiation that produces ‘split subjects’. Desiring development and the staging of theatrical performances of egalitarianism enables Usibambinos to deal with this disjunction and to present an image of unity and determination. I conclude that the comunidad persists through ‘impossible political acts’ brought about by a residual but growing category of landless comuneros who constitute ‘the part of no part’, the uncounted or unnamed.     

边缘旅游地开发研究——以赤峰市为例

边缘旅游地正逐渐成为旅游发展研究的热点之一;在阐述边缘旅地形成机理的基础上,分析了赤峰市旅游业边缘化的原因及表现;对边缘旅游地赤峰市的旅游业开发进行可行性分析,提出摆脱旅游业边缘化的对策和措施,强调必须紧紧依托周边京津冀辽等核心旅游地,注重区域间的优势互补,借助周围核心旅游地的优势扩大赤峰市的旅游市场,在边缘地树立大旅游观念,同时依据赤峰市自身的资源优势不断开发特色旅游产品、打造品牌,积极培养优秀的旅游人才。