基于省级和市级层次的违法占用耕地与经济发展的空间计量分析

研究目的:了解不同层次经济发展在空间中显著影响违法占用耕地的具体因素,为加强土地调控和土地督察提供决策依据。研究方法:空间计量经济学、空间误差模型和空间滞后模型。研究结果:中国省级层次的违法占用耕地主要与固定资产投资在空间上呈显著相关,江西省市级层次的违法占用耕地主要与地方财政收入和GDP在空间上呈显著相关。研究结论:要高度重视经济发展中固定资产投资、GDP增长和地方财政收入等因素对违法占用耕地的影响,减少违法占用耕地,引导土地合法合理持续利用。     

违法占用耕地复耕现状、问题与对策

为了扭转各地日趋严重的违法占用耕地现象,国土部门加大了对违法占用耕地的监控力度,及时发现了大量违法占用耕地现象,并促使部分被违法占用的耕地得到复耕.然而,在查处违法占用耕地复耕中存在着两大问题:一是查处面积大,罚款多,而复耕面积小；二是在复耕中存在着各种乱象和假复耕现象.要控制违法占地,确保我国1.5亿hm2(18亿亩)耕地红线,一是需强化事前预警工作,避免违法占用耕地行为的发生；二是强化对复耕土地的监督管理,避免假复耕现象的发生；三是将查处的违法占用耕地及时退还于农民或农业生产组织,保障土地真正回归于农业.     

中国地方政府土地租税收入变化对城市建设用地扩张的影响

研究目的:考察地方政府土地租税收入与城市建设用地扩张之间的相互影响。研究方法:以中国大陆1990—2013年的地方政府土地收入和建设用地数据进行实证检验,根据协整理论建立向量误差修正模型。研究结果:耕地占用税和国有土地使用权有偿出让收入与城市建设用地扩张具有长期均衡关系,土地租税收入具有促进城市建设用地扩张作用,其中土地出让收入是城市建设用地扩张的主要影响因素,地方政府土地租税收益分成的提高对城市建设用地扩张起到推动作用,建设用地变化仅与耕地占用税收入存在长期的双向因果关系。研究结论:地方政府的土地财政模式具有不可持续性,耕地占用税制度产生反向政策响应,合理调整土地财税体制和盘活存量土地才是地方政府经营城市土地的关键。     

地方政府土地违法的博弈论解释

在构建地方政府与中央政府间博弈模型、地方政府与农民间博弈模型的基础上,解释了当前地方政府土地违法的原因,研究表明:地方政府可以从土地违法行为中获得巨大收益,农民没有能力阻止地方政府的土地违法行为,中央政府主要根据国民经济形势来确定对地方政府土地违法行为的查处力度是当前地方政府土地违法的主要原因.     

国土资源部 紧急通知制止地方政府违法卖地

针对最近一个时期地方土地违法现象有所抬头之势。日前，国土资源部向各地方政府发出《关于严明法纪坚决制止土地违法的紧急通知》，《通知》指出，土地违法面广量大，花样迭出，土地执法形势严峻。最近的统计表明，今年头5个月，全国国土资源部门共立案土地违法案件与去年同期基本持平，但涉及的土地面积同比上升了近20％。相同的案件数，但面积增加了近20％，平均每一宗违法案件涉及的土地面积更多了。违法占地在一些地方越来越肆无忌惮，地方政府主导下的土地违法越来越多。《通知》要求各地严肃查处重大土地违法案件，重点查处违反土地利用总体规划和违反国家产业政策批地、越权批地、非法占用一耕地特别是基本农田等土地违法行为。     

新形势下集体土地"以租代征"的成因及对策——以山东省济宁市为例

"以租代征"擅自将农用地转为建设用地,是近年来凸现的一种违法新形式,也是在鲁西南地区普遍存在的一种违法现象.由于当地经济发展落后,耕地保护意识不强,加上政府现有的一些不合理的业绩考核和不完善的管理制度,使得农地非农化现象严重.由于租地不需要国家有关部门审批,这使得早已成为建设用地的区域,在账面上却依然是耕地,政府无法准确掌握土地信息,给宏观决策带来直接危害.长远来看,农民的利益也得不到保护.以山东省济宁市为例就土地使用过程中的以租代征现象的产生原因和解决对策做了粗略分析.该研究对于当前我国普遍存在的以租代征现象产生的原因和解决措施提出了自己的看法,对在当前形势下各部门进行耕地保护具有借鉴意义.     

宁夏 增加"票否决"五要素加强耕地保护

<正>据悉,今年宁夏加强耕地保护有新举措,将把违法违规占用耕地的数量作为对市、县目标责任制考核的"票否决"要素。新增加的"票否决"要素包括:违法占用耕地案件被国土资源部挂牌督办的;违法占用耕地(基本农田)、违规征收集体土地引发群体性上访,事件没有得到根本解决的;本区域内违法占用基本农田面积超过30亩;上年度违法占用耕地面积比例达到新增建设用地占用耕地总面积比例     

耕地总量动态平衡政策存在问题及改革建议

分析了耕地总量动态平衡政策运行中存在着区域差异性、政策环境适应性、政府博弈行为以及政策运行的经济可行性等问题,提出①依据区域比较优势原则和变化了的政策环境,实施有区域差异的弹性的耕地总量动态平衡政策;②规范政府行为,减少政策运行中的博弈行为;③重建适应政策实施的农地产权制度;④建立建设项目耕地占用指标有偿转让制度,完善土地收益分配机制,提升耕地占用成本;⑤加强政策实施的经济可行性分析和建立生态环境影响评价制度;⑥改革土地复垦制度,推进农地储备.     

政府耕地保护行为的公共选择理论分析

“政府失败”是指公共部门在提供公共物品时趋向于浪费和滥用资源,致使公共产品利用率降低。耕地具有公共产品的属性,在我国,耕地保护中的政府失败是由部分地方政府重经济发展、轻耕地保护、形象政绩工程占用大量耕地、非公共目的征地现象严重等问题造成的。即由于地方政府公共决策失效、政府的内部性和寻租行为等导致了耕地保护中的政府失败。为从根本上保证政府耕地保护不失败,应加强制度建设,不断完善现有制度,弥补制度缺陷,从而约束政府及其官员行为。     

补办手续不可滥

在清查农村居民用地中,对违法用地补办手续了结,这一现象在有的地方普遍存在。有时,村民申请建房用地,因没有用地指标或建房占用耕地,又得不到批准。于是有些人逐渐摸索出一套办法——不管有无指标,是否占用耕地,先建房,土地部门清查时,自然会补办用地手续。这办法还真是行之有效。我们一些地方土地部门的工作人员在巡回检查中,不过问违法用地具体情况,或为提高案件结案率,或为隐瞒违法用地“争创”“三无乡镇”,常常补办手续了事。 农民违法用地,本应受到教育和处罚。一些土地部门滥用补办手续纵容违法,惹得群众议论：《…     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式，发挥地质工作优势，推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步，紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势，加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况，积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源，两个市场”的思路，通过实施中外合作勘查项目，以境外勘查工作为载体和平台，实施引进来和走出去战略，为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

Towards an Integration of R & D and Marketing in Production Development

Abstract

In this paper, two approaches which are characteristic for Research & Development and Marketing departments are compared. First, R&D versus Marketing orientations are explained, then the major differences between them are presented. The integration of both approaches may improve competitive advantage of the food industry. Factors stimulating such integration are presented on the basis of data from real business circumstances. Innovation is regarded as a major source of competitive advantage of company. Therefore, integration in sensory methodology, that is commonly but differently used by R & D and Marketing departments, may contribute to the improvement of innovation practices and successful business performance. Finally, the role of consumer tests, oriented for marketing and product development, is illustrated.     

Successful Practices in California Wine Exporting

Abstract

California is one of the world's largest wine producers, yet it has exported only a small portion of its products. Many US wineries want to pursue opportunities in foreign markets but only a few are actually doing this successfully. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the successful practices of 12 California wineries that have achieved their financial targets and other export goals. A qualitative research design of in-depth interviews was employed. Results indicate that there are 5 major success factors, with the two most important being the foreign partner relationship and top management vision and commitment to exporting.     

Time Allocation Decisions Associated with Job Market Preparation: Undergraduate Perceptions versus Market Realities

A survey of agribusiness firms identifies characteristics associated with above average starting salary offers in the allied fields of agribusiness, agricultural economics, business, and economics. A complementary survey is made of students at Texas A&M University and University of Georgia. Results show that firms value work experience and leadership experience more than students do, whereas students value raising grade point average and interview preparation more than do firms. Students seeking a firm's maximum starting salary offer will need to enhance academic performance with substantial work experience and leadership experience.