天津:创新调查作业机制切实推进“三调”

正开展第三次全国国土调查(以下简称"三调")工作以来,天津市创新调查作业机制,牢牢把握"宁要数据的真实性,不要虚假的前后一致性"调查要求,以推进监理审计制度、自选调查动作、开展地类认定研究等为支撑,切实推进"三调"各项工作,努力提高数据成果质量。创新调查作业机制,实现工作整体把控在"三调"工作中,大部分地区以"县级调查—省级核查"的模式开展调查作业。天津市在     

农田灌溉防渗渠道衬砌施工技术

本文对农田灌溉防渗渠道衬砌施工技术进行研究,详细介绍防渗渠道衬砌施工技术要点,希望能够给相关人员在应用该技术的过程中提供一定的参考,以充分发挥农田灌溉的积极作用。     

地理国情监测的体系框架研究

通过对地理国情与地理国情监测的基本问题与关键问题进行系统分析和归纳,采用综合分析法、对比分析法和归纳法,初步提出地理国情监测的体系框架。结果表明:地理国情是国情体系的有机组成部分,它既来源于地理信息,同时也是对地理信息的扩展。其监测的对象包括自然环境要素、产业经济要素和社会人文要素等3个方面,监测的方法主要包括测绘方法、统计分析方法、评价预测方法和信息科学方法等。通过对地理国情信息进行采集与分析,最终形成相应的数据成果与管理制度成果。在地理国情监测过程中,应分类、分区、分层开展监测工作;突出监测的重点问题;建立统一的数据规范;完善地理国情监测的法律法规体系;强化监测成果的应用。     

海洋环境监测监管业务化协同服务平台开发与应用

采用webservice、webgis、三维GIS以及数据库技术,开发完成了海洋环境监测监管业务化协同服务平台,实现了海洋环境监测从"数据获取—数据应用评价—产品发布"全流程信息化,解决了质控溯源、数据规范管理、数据快速评价应用、信息及时发布等问题。在服务平台的开发实践与应用过程中,提出了将"业务化应用"作为判断信息化工作好坏的唯一标准的理念,平台的各项成果在实际应用中不断得到改进和完善,取得了良性循环的效果。     

基于作业研发预算项目评价

目前,应用作业成本法大多集中于生产性企业或制造系统中,而在非生产领域的应用却很少.基于泛会计的角度,将作业成本法应用于研发项目评价,可以为管理者提供更准确的决策信息,有利于战略管理需要.从作业角度出发,应用层次分析法(AHP)可以更准确地评价研发预算项目,并且是一种创新尝试.     

基于作业研发预算项目评价

目前，应用作业成本法大多集中于生产性企业或制造系统中，而在非生产领域的应用却很少．基于泛会计的角度，将作业成本法应用于研发项目评价，可以为管理者提供更准确的决策信息，有利于战略管理需要．从作业角度出发，应用层次分析法（AHP）可以更准确地评价研发预算项目，并且是一种创新尝试．     

渔业技术经济效果评价指标体系

渔业技术经济效果，是关于渔业生产力中的技术因素、技术一经济政策、措施在渔业经济活动中应用的消耗与成果之间的比较。本文主要阐述渔业技术经济效果评价指标设置的原则、渔业技术经济效果评价指标体系的分类与构成、以及如何建立适应市场经济的渔业技术经济效果指标体系。一、渔业技术经济效果评价指标设置的原则渔业生产是渔业系统、生物系统与环境系统的统一。渔业生产过程是人类的经济再生产过程和生物的自然再生产过程的结合与统一。我国渔业生产的特点是在复杂的水域生态环境中，创立了因地制宜的多种经营的作业方式和作业技术。渔…     

基于单尺度RetineX算法的雾霾图像清晰化系统开发研究

目前我国雾霾现象越来越普遍,已经严重影响遥感作业人员采集的图片质量。为了解决这一问题,这篇文章主要是研究开发一个雾霾图像清晰化系统,该系统运用单尺度Retine X算法,结合ESRI公司的Arc Engine组件包可以将在雾霾天气下获取的图像进行清晰化处理,从而增强显示图像上的地物信息特征。这项技术可以降低雾霾天气下,传感器探测地物波谱信息时候遇到的误差,也减少了计算机解译或人工解译时带来的图像识别困难与干扰。     

多媒体数据库在档案编纂信息成果中的应用

本文通过对多媒体技术以及多媒体数据库的介绍,分析多媒体数据库的优势、形成过程,以及在档案编纂信息成果中的运用,并指出应用中的问题。     

国土“三调”后如何开展自然资源统一调查

长期以来,我国各类自然资源调查分属不同的管理部门,相互之间存在着内涵界定不统一、分类体系有交叉、调查标准不一致、数据成果有矛盾等问题,严重影响了自然资源管理与保护政策的制定.机构改革后,各类自然资源的调查监测评价职责统一到自然资源部。第三次全国国土调查工作将于2020年底结束,此后即将开启自然资源统一调查的新时期,如何从以土地利用现状调查为主的国土调查顺利过渡至包含土地、森林、草原、水和湿地等各类自然资源要素的统一调查,目前正是国内专家学者、各级管理人员关注的重点、难点和热点问题。文章认为,从管理层面上首先要尽快建立自然资源统一调查的管理体系和机制;从技术层面上要加快构建自然资源统一的分类体系,逐渐优化各类自然资源调查的技术方法和技术指标。管理层面和技术层面做足准备后,以国土"三调"成果为基础,在此"底板"上开展森林、草原、水、湿地等各类自然资源的专项调查,最终形成全国自然资源统一调查机制。     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Evaluating Alternative Policy Responses to Higher World Food Prices: The Case of Increasing Rice Prices in Madagascar

Higher world food prices have led many developing countries to adopt policies to mitigate the impact on low-income households. This article sets out a partial equilibrium framework to evaluate the efficiency, distributional, and revenue implications of alternative policy responses. The model is applied to evaluate tariff reductions and targeted transfers in Madagascar. Although lowering tariffs generates substantial efficiency gains, these accrue mainly to the top half of the welfare distribution, and poor net sellers are actually worse off. Developing a system of targeted direct transfers to poor households is likely to be a substantially more cost-effective approach to poverty alleviation.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Transaction Cost Thresholds in International Rice Markets

Recent episodes of high and volatile prices for grains such as rice have raised concerns about their implications for hunger and poverty. We model price relationships between international rice prices and 221 domestic prices in 47 developing countries that import rice. We use a threshold vector error correction model that accounts for transaction costs of trade in spatial price transmission, and an improved regularised Bayesian threshold estimator for threshold models. Our results show that threshold values are higher after 2008 than before, which suggests that transaction costs in international rice trade have increased in recent years. Threshold values are highest for Latin American countries followed by African and Asian countries, and higher for retail than for wholesale prices. Since 2008, price transmission is slower in countries that responded to high and volatile prices with domestic market‐based interventions such as price controls and faster in countries that responded by lowering tariffs and by implementing production support measures.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.