水稻空间分布遥感提取研究进展与展望

水稻是我国三大粮食作物之一,其空间分布受自然条件和农业发展状况的影响,变化显著。研究水稻空间分布遥感提取是当前农业土地变化科学的热点和难点。通过对国内外研究的回顾,该文系统归纳了近年来水稻空间分布遥感提取的数据源、特征量及分类算法最新研究进展,并对其未来研究方向进行初步探讨。首先从遥感数据源方面,水稻面积监测主要采用多光谱光学影像,同时高光谱数据和雷达数据也正逐步推广应用。其次从遥感分类方法及其对应的特征量方面,包括监督和非监督分类、智能化分类算法（神经网络、支持向量机、决策树及随机森林算法）、面向对象分类、多时相植被指数法及综合提取算法等分类方法,其主要对应的特征量各有差异。最后,结合我国水稻空间分布遥感提取的实际状况,提出构建全国长时间序列水稻物候历和高时空分辨率时序NDVI数据集,大力发展基于多时相遥感分类方法和建立分层的面向对象分类方法,以及加强水稻种植北界、种植重心迁移等动态变化监测研究的建议,推动我国水稻遥感动态监测和农业土地变化科学的发展。     

基于GF-1 PMS影像的柠檬种植面积估算

为应用国产高空间分辨率影像快速、准确估算丘陵区柠檬种植面积,文章基于GF-1 PMS影像使用不同数据预处理及分类法估算柠檬种植面积。通过对影像进行大气校正、数据融合、滤波等处理,分别得到光谱反射率数据、融合影像和纹理特征数据(分辨率分别为8m、2m、2m)。通过可分离性分析,发现荒草地和未成林柠檬的可分性最差,二者在光谱反射率数据、融合影像和纹理图像中的可分性数值均小于1.8,是影响柠檬分类精度的主要因素。基于最大似然法的分类精度评价结果显示,纹理图像数据估算精度好于8m分辨率的多光谱反射率数据和2m分辨率的融合图像,适当的影像预处理有助于提高监督分类精度。对比基于最大似然法的精度,基于面向对象法的柠檬面积估算精度达95.09%,高于监督分类法的,使用GF-1 PMS影像估算柠檬面积最优方法为面向对象法。该研究为应用国产高分辨率遥感数据快速、准确估算丘陵地区果树种植面积提供了相关参考。     

尺度变化对油菜种植面积遥感监测精度的影响

农作物种植面积监测是遥感估产的基础工作之一,监测结果的精度直接影响到数据的可信度和可用性。随着多光谱和多空间分辨率数据集的日益普遍,多尺度遥感数据源的综合应用是进行大范围农作物种植面积遥感监测业务化运行的必然趋势,因此尺度变化对农作物种植面积遥感监测精度影响的研究势在必行。该研究采用高空间分辨率的多光谱遥感影像进行油菜种植面积提取,对其提取结果进行基于简单多数原则的尺度转化,得到不同空间分辨率的提取结果,通过与地面实测样方数据构建误差矩阵进行精度分析,分析不同空间分辨率影像对作物种植面积遥感信息提取精度的影响。运用多种精度评价指标,从不同空间分辨率、不同监测方法、不同遥感监测时相等角度系统分析了农作物种植面积遥感测量中的尺度效应问题。为基于多尺度遥感数据综合应用的农作物种植面积遥感监测业务化运行中的数据选择和精度保证问题提供理论与实验基础。     

基于GF-1与MODIS时空融合的南方丘陵区水稻提取研究

[目的]水稻在我国粮食生产中占有重要的地位,针对南方低山丘陵区地形复杂多样,地块破碎的环境特点,利用遥感数据时空融合方法对水稻分布进行提取研究对作物精准估产和政府决策具有重要意义。[方法]以衡阳县为研究区,基于增强型时空数据融合模型(Enhanced Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model,ESTARFM)将MODIS数据分别和GF-1WFV、Landsat 8影像进行数据融合,构建高时空分辨率的NDVI时间序列集,对NDVI序列进行滤波并获取各地物物候参数,采用决策树分类方法提取水稻种植面积。[结果](1)ESTARFM能有效融合MODIS和GF-1WFV、Landsat 8影像,其中Landsat 8数据的单波段融合效果(R_(NIR)=0.92,R_R=0.82)优于GF-1WFV融合结果(R_(NIR)=0.82,R_R=0.75),但NDVI结果相关性差异不大(Landsat:R_(NDVI)=0.93,GF-1WFV:R_(NDVI)=0.89);(2)利用决策树分类法进行地物分类,基于GF-1WFV融合数据的分类结果优于Landsat融合数据分类结果,其中GF-1WFV数据得到的分类结果总精度达到86.37%,单、双季稻的精度分别为62.26%与86.70%,Kappa系数达到0.80;而Landsat数据的分类总体精度为80.96%,单、双季稻精度分别为56.87%和70.74%,Kappa系数为0.72。[结论]GF-1WFV融合数据可用于获取精细的水稻种植分布;针对南方低山丘陵区,特别是地形复杂度较高的区域,GF-1 WFV数据比Landsat数据在水稻提取方面更具有优势。     

基于全极化SAR与多光谱的喀斯特山区农村林地提取

[目的]为加快推动贵州省"互联网+"林业建设,打破贵州喀斯特高原山区遥感监测瓶颈,选取了空间分辨率8m的Radarsat-2全极化SAR数据与空间分辨率6m的SPOT 6多光谱影像作为数据源,探究微波与光学遥感结合在喀斯特山区农村地区的林地提取技术。[方法]首先采用ENVI SARscape与NEST软件对SAR图像预处理。将Radarsat-2全极化数据与SPOT 6标准假彩色影像进行HSV融合。计算融合图像的平均梯度、信息熵、标准差与均值,评价出最优融合效果的极化方式。基于K均值(K-means)与最大期望(EM聚类)聚类算法分割图像,选择合适的算法,基于聚类分割的阈值进行面向对象的林地分类。最后,基于像素的混淆矩阵精度评价,结合贵州省林业厅调查数据、野外样方和航拍图,建立参考样本评价分类结果。[结果](1)融合之后,目视解译出林地边缘明显但较粗糙;对于在林地中小面积建筑物、农田中的较分散的林地小图斑能够识别,但边缘粗糙;有林地和灌木林地在色调上区分明显;在融合后的明度图中的灌木林地有明度较大的像元,此类像元为石旮旯地。(2)通过定量分析,融合之后的影像较SAR和光学数据信息量大。同极化平均梯度大于交叉极化,HH极化方式下各指标最大。图像EM聚类分割比K-means聚类更加细化。EM聚类图像的特征区分明显;(3)研究分类出了有林地、灌木林地和其他林地。面向对象的林地分类总体分类精度达到85.71%。[结论]研究将微波与光学遥感结合,为喀斯特山区中农村地区的林地提取提供新思路,与传统的林地监测相比,数据获取快捷,提高工作效率,精度准确。有助于通过遥感的手段解决地块破碎区域的林地提取问题,为提高多源遥感技术在喀斯特农村地区中的林地智能监测的能力提供借鉴。     

利用高空间分辨率遥感数据的农作物种植结构提取

农作物种植结构是掌握粮食种植面积和产量的重要前提,也是进行作物结构调整与优化的依据。该研究以黑龙江肇东市为研究区域,以高空间分辨率RapidEye影像为遥感数据, 基于最大似然监督分类方法提取了肇东市2011年农作物种植结构空间分布,利用地面样方调查数据进行了线状及细小地物扣除系数计算,实现遥感提取的农作物种植面积的精细提取,然后从面积数量和空间位置两个方面对遥感提取的农作物种植结构进行了精度评价。研究结果表明,利用RapidEye数据提取的农作物种植面积数据总体精度为97.00%,位置精度为96.15%,高空间分辨率数据在农作物种植结构遥感提取中具有重要潜力,线状及细小地物扣除系数可以有效减小线状及细小地物对高分提取的农作物种植结构的精度。     

面向农业区划的作物种植结构遥感提取

[目的]尝试将作物种植结构提取结果由行政单元发展为基于相对均质的地理网格单元,解决当前农作物种植结构信息提取的空间局限性问题,文章在大尺度的土地利用/覆被分类与地块尺度的作物分类之间提出了作物种植结构单元概念,并构建了一种快速、低成本、准确的区域尺度作物种植结构提取方法。[方法]利用黑龙江省2014年250m分辨率的植被指数产品构建时间序列曲线提取物候信息,在耕地物候分区基础上对各物候区进行面向对象的多尺度分割,提取作物种植结构单元,利用光谱特征和NDVI指数构建特征空间,最终采用最邻近分类方法提取作物种植结构。[结果](1)利用MODIS时间序列数据提取物候特征进行多尺度分割的方法,能够有效的提取区域尺度农作物种植结构单元;(2)作物种植结构提取总体精度为95.70%;(3)黑龙江省2014年作物种植类型共有12种。其中,三江平原主要是水稻单一种植区、水稻混作区;松嫩平原以玉米单一种植区以及玉米-大豆混作区种植为主;西北部种植结构较复杂;东南部因地势等影响多种植玉米、大豆。[结论]利用物候数据进行种植结构提取可以有效划分农业区划,研究成果不仅为作物种植结构调整和农业发展布局提供科学依据,也是不同区域产量预测的基础,为合理布局农业生产、改进耕作制度以及引入和推广新产品等提供依据。     

坡度空间谱与空间关系参与下的土地利用分类研究

研究目的:依据《土地利用现状分类》,利用QuickBird高空间分辨率遥感影像,采用面向对象的影像分析方法对黄土高原实验区土地利用进行分类,探索提高土地资源数量及质量信息挖掘的广度、深度、自动化程度与准确度,提高工作效率,为国土资源行业的土地资源遥感监测工作提供技术参考。研究方法:在光谱和纹理分类的基础上,提出利用坡度空间谱和对象空间关系构建决策规则的方法;通过对DEM数据的学习,可以得到对象的高程、坡度和坡度空间谱;通过空间方位、距离和拓扑关系,可以分析对象之间的位置关系;最后将学习所得的规则加入到土地利用分类的规则集中。研究结果:相对于完全基于光谱和纹理信息的分类方法,本方法使分类总精度和KAPPA系数分别从76%和0.71提高到87%和0.86。研究结论:坡度空间谱与空间关系规则的应用能有效减少混分,提高分类精度,对于黄土高原区域土地利用分类规则集的构建具有参考价值。     

基于多时相遥感数据提取水稻种植面积的研究

该文以江苏省为例,探讨MODIS时间序列数据在水稻种植信息获取中的应用,并进行精度评价.首先利用MODIS数据构建了归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)、增强型植被指数(EVI)和陆表水指数(LSWI).根据植被指数的时间序列变化特征,结合水稻的生长发育规律,确定江苏省水稻种植面积.对比统计数据,该方法提取水稻种植面积的误差为16％.同时,对环境卫星遥感影像进行监督分类,提取水稻种植区域.对比二者提取结果,面积相对误差为5％,空间一致性达到60％以上.研究表明,在平原区域利用MODIS数据监测大尺度水稻种植面积是可行的.     

若羌绿洲特色林果种植信息遥感提取方法适用性分析

目的 为快速掌握若羌绿洲特色林果业种植信息,提高特色林果资源调查的信息化水平,服务若羌特色林果业的发展。方法 文章通过野外调查和室内文献资料分析建立遥感分类的先验知识,采用面向对象的影像分析方法,构建多尺度分割结果的光谱、植被指数、形状、纹理等特征,采用CART和随机森林算法进行遥感分类,分析使用不同分类算法、特征集对分类结果的影响。结果 （1）随机森林算法相比于CART算法总体分类效果好,分类精度高,特征数据集的加入对CART算法的分类精度影响较小,而对随机森林算法分类精度的提升较为明显。（2）形状特征对形状差异较大的地物具有较强的识别能力,植被指数特征能有效识别植被和非植被地物,纹理特征则对分类精度的影响较小。（3）综合所有特征集并结合随机森林算法的分类结果最优,总体精度88.43%,Kappa系数85.47%,面积精度96.89%。结论 形状、植被指数、纹理等特征集的加入对各个地类的分类精度的影响不同,应具体问题具体分析,随机森林算法比CART算法更适用于多维特征数据集的作物遥感分类任务。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

Towards an Integration of R & D and Marketing in Production Development

Abstract

In this paper, two approaches which are characteristic for Research & Development and Marketing departments are compared. First, R&D versus Marketing orientations are explained, then the major differences between them are presented. The integration of both approaches may improve competitive advantage of the food industry. Factors stimulating such integration are presented on the basis of data from real business circumstances. Innovation is regarded as a major source of competitive advantage of company. Therefore, integration in sensory methodology, that is commonly but differently used by R & D and Marketing departments, may contribute to the improvement of innovation practices and successful business performance. Finally, the role of consumer tests, oriented for marketing and product development, is illustrated.     

Successful Practices in California Wine Exporting

Abstract

California is one of the world's largest wine producers, yet it has exported only a small portion of its products. Many US wineries want to pursue opportunities in foreign markets but only a few are actually doing this successfully. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the successful practices of 12 California wineries that have achieved their financial targets and other export goals. A qualitative research design of in-depth interviews was employed. Results indicate that there are 5 major success factors, with the two most important being the foreign partner relationship and top management vision and commitment to exporting.     

Time Allocation Decisions Associated with Job Market Preparation: Undergraduate Perceptions versus Market Realities

A survey of agribusiness firms identifies characteristics associated with above average starting salary offers in the allied fields of agribusiness, agricultural economics, business, and economics. A complementary survey is made of students at Texas A&M University and University of Georgia. Results show that firms value work experience and leadership experience more than students do, whereas students value raising grade point average and interview preparation more than do firms. Students seeking a firm's maximum starting salary offer will need to enhance academic performance with substantial work experience and leadership experience.