江西省商品林经营现状评价及发展对策

森林资源是产业经济发展与生态环境保护的基础,合理利用森林资源有助于经济环境目标的实现。本文论述了江西商品林资源的现状,对存在的问题进行了分析,并针对这些问题提出了解决问题调整结构的对策措施。     

森林资源承载力研究现状与展望

森林是陆地生态系统的主体,森林承载力是关系到资源、环境与社会经济发展的关键,也是衡量区域社会可持续发展能力的一个重要指标。该文回顾了承载力的起源和森林承载力的研究现状,认为在进一步研究中应该结合社会经济发展的目标确定区域森林资源应该承受的压力,注意科技进步对森林承载力的影响,并从森林生态系统自身的支撑能力和社会经济活动对森林资源的压力两个角度来研究森林资源承载力。     

森林资源承载力研究现状与展望

森林是陆地生态系统的主体，森林承载力是关系到资源、环境与社会经济发展的关键，也是衡量区域社会可持续发展能力的一个重要指标。该文回顾了承载力的起源和森林承载力的研究现状，认为在进一步研究中应该结合社会经济发展的目标确定区域森林资源应该承受的压力，注意科技进步对森林承载力的影响，并从森林生态系统自身的支撑能力和社会经济活动对森林资源的压力两个角度来研究森林资源承栽力。     

森林资源环境人口承载能力初探

在探讨森林承载力概念、理论和方法的基础上,以山东沿海开放地区的森林资源为对象,通过人均消耗木材、薪柴、水果、干果等4项反映不同生活水平的实物指标和人均占有森林面积多少为环境指标,用现有的资料,综合地、动态地分析山东沿海开放地区的森林与人口、环境、经济发展的相关关系,预测山东沿海开放地区不同时期、不同生活水平条件下的森林资源环境承载能力,并提出提高山东沿海开放地区森林资源承载力和环境承载力的对策及优化利用沿海开放地区森林资源的途径。     

书刊简讯

《森林资源扩大再生产的经济问题》该书由中国社会科学院农业经济研究所中国林业经济发展研究课题组撰写。它根据我国林业的特点,论述我国森林资源发展变化的沿革与现状、特点,分析森林资源的变化趋势,扩大我同森林资源的途径、数量、规模、速度,探索符合我国情况的发展森林资源的新道路,论述森林资源合理保护经营利用的方式以及森林资源扩大再生产的经济效果。它是较系统地论证分析我国森林资源扩大再生产的专著。读者对象主要是各级林业经济管理干部、林业经济理论工作者、林业大中专院校师生以及广大林业     

森林资源与经济发展相关性研究

用相关分析的方法研究世界上高收入国家、中等收入国家和低收入国家的经济发展水平与森林资源的关系及中国经济发达及经济欠发达的森林资源丰富地区森林资源与经济发展的相关性。结果表明:世界与中国的森林资源与经济发展水平的关系有一定的相似性,即在经济发展水平较好国家或地区以及经济发展较差的国家和地区,经济发展水平与森林资源呈正相关,在经济发展中等的国家和地区这种关系呈负相关,并且经济发展水平较低的国家和地区森林资源与经济发展水平的相关性要高于其它2类国家和地区。     

北京农村区域经济差异分析

随着我国农业经济的稳步发展,农业基础设施投入不足、劳动力逐渐向城市转移以及农村土地逐渐细碎化等问题导致农村区域的经济发展水平落后于城区,且区域之间的发展也存在较大差异。文章以北京市13个郊区县为研究对象,从农村人口结构、农作物播种面积、农业观光园、民俗旅游、设施农业生产、乡镇企业等6个主要经济指标比较分析了各区县之间的经济发展情况,并分析了造成区域经济差异的主要原因,提出了今后的发展对策及建议,以期为北京市农村区域经济的协调发展提供一定的借鉴。     

石家庄市夜经济调查报告

＂夜经济＂是统筹城市经济发展,拉动消费需求,促进社会、经济、环境协调发展的一种新兴经济。本文通过调查,结合石家庄市夜经济发展概况,分析其中存在的问题,并提出发展石家庄市夜经济的一些建议。     

论农村经济与生态环境协调发展

农村生态环境问题日益突出,严重影响着农村经济发展。尤其是在全面推进新农村建设过程中,如何结合生态环境保护,促进农村经济与生态环境协调发展是当前"三农问题"中非常迫切和重要的问题。文章在分析当前中国农村生态环境现状的基础上,剖析这些环境问题产生的原因,并通过对农村经济发展与生态环境二者关系的分析,提出农村经济与生态环境协调发展的思路,为农村经济健康可持续发展提供生态环境保障。     

黑龙江省林业循环经济发展区划与模式构建

黑龙江拥有丰富的森林资源,由于林业经济仍不能摆脱传统的生产模式,森林资源仍不能合理有 效利用。而发展林业循环经济是转变黑龙江省传统林业经济发展方式,缓解黑龙江省森林资源利用与保护 之间矛盾的有效途径。为了促进黑龙江省林业循环经济整体协调发展,该研究运用主成分分析法对黑龙江 13个市的林业循环经济发展水平进行评价,得出林业循环经济指标控制层得分和综合得分,根据评价结果 分析出黑龙江省各地区的林业循环经济的综合发展水平和不同地区之间的发展差异;运用SPSS软件对主成 分分析结果进行系统聚类分析,将13个市划分为三个区域,综合主城分析和系统聚类分析结果,从资源减 量化投入、资源利用率、社会经济以及生态几个方面分析各区域发展状况;最后,结合各区域林业循环经 济发展状况,林业产业和资源禀赋特点,构建出适宜的林业循环经济发展模式。     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Evaluating Alternative Policy Responses to Higher World Food Prices: The Case of Increasing Rice Prices in Madagascar

Higher world food prices have led many developing countries to adopt policies to mitigate the impact on low-income households. This article sets out a partial equilibrium framework to evaluate the efficiency, distributional, and revenue implications of alternative policy responses. The model is applied to evaluate tariff reductions and targeted transfers in Madagascar. Although lowering tariffs generates substantial efficiency gains, these accrue mainly to the top half of the welfare distribution, and poor net sellers are actually worse off. Developing a system of targeted direct transfers to poor households is likely to be a substantially more cost-effective approach to poverty alleviation.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

Transaction Cost Thresholds in International Rice Markets

Recent episodes of high and volatile prices for grains such as rice have raised concerns about their implications for hunger and poverty. We model price relationships between international rice prices and 221 domestic prices in 47 developing countries that import rice. We use a threshold vector error correction model that accounts for transaction costs of trade in spatial price transmission, and an improved regularised Bayesian threshold estimator for threshold models. Our results show that threshold values are higher after 2008 than before, which suggests that transaction costs in international rice trade have increased in recent years. Threshold values are highest for Latin American countries followed by African and Asian countries, and higher for retail than for wholesale prices. Since 2008, price transmission is slower in countries that responded to high and volatile prices with domestic market‐based interventions such as price controls and faster in countries that responded by lowering tariffs and by implementing production support measures.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.