采煤塌陷区复垦与再生利用研究:国内外研究进展与发展趋势

针对我国采煤塌陷区的发展现状和治理的重要意义,对国内外采煤塌陷区复垦与再生利用的研究现状做了总结和梳理。由于国内外人口与土地关系的不同,在采煤塌陷区的治理思路方面存在诸多不同之处。从技术角度、利用模式以及区域规划等三个维度对国外采煤塌陷区的再生利用研究现状做了梳理;从再生利用指导思想、景观重建以及利用模式三个维度对我国采煤塌陷区的复垦与再生利用研究做了归纳总结。在此基础上,对我国采煤塌陷区复垦与再生利用研究的下一步动向做出了理论预测。     

基于SURF算法的无坐标矿山空间位置匹配方法

针对某些空间位置缺失的老旧矿山无法在国家坐标网中定位的问题,根据现有资料矢量化矿山等高线生成无坐标矿山DEM,利用SURF算法提取该DEM和基准DEM的图像特征信息,根据矿山匹配特点对该算法加以改进,进行图像特征相似性匹配。经过实验证明,该算法在无坐标矿山DEM位置识别与坐标确定中能够达到坐标校正要求,给老旧矿山空间位置的确定提供一种可以借鉴的思路与解决方法。     

基于TM与ASAR数据的矿区塌陷地信息提取

研究目的：实现多光谱数据与雷达数据的综合应用对矿区塌陷地信息的提取，评价多源遥感数据在塌陷地信息提取中的精度与优势。研究方法：主成分分析融合法、波段运算法、密度分割法等。研究结果：以ENVISAT-ASAR和TM影像数据为数据源进行研究，结果显示该方法不仅对水体本身有较好的提取精度，而且对塌陷区深浅、非积水区、塌陷区不规则边缘、植被覆盖情况等信息有非常好的提取效果，塌陷地提取精度较高。研究结论： TM数据光谱特性和ASAR波段数据微波特性的综合应用对塌陷地积水区提取有较高的精度，能够为塌陷地研究提供技术支持。     

高分辨率铁尾矿遥感光谱特征分析与信息提取

遥感监测尾矿是矿山调查和监管的科学方法,也是地理国情监测的基础内容。研究了铁尾矿遥感影像解译标志和光谱特征,建立铁尾矿遥感信息的提取技术流程。利用尾矿光谱特征与纹理结构的特点,构建了铁尾矿遥感增强处理的RTI数学模型。并以唐山地区的铁尾矿及固体废弃物作为研究区,分析了模型的影响因子和有效性。为尾矿资源的自动监测和目标提取提供了新的处理手段。     

基于高分辨率遥感影像的不透水面信息快速提取

不透水面面积的增加是城镇化的典型标志,不透水面指数是城市生态环境系统研究、城市扩张监测、人类活动影响分析等的重要依据。利用高分辨率影像提取不透水面时,在影像分割的基础上,业务人员往往需要手工逐次试验以确定分类特征和特征对应的阈值,不但工作效率低下,而且要求业务人员具有一定的技术和经验积累。针对以上问题,利用北京市昌平区的SPOT5影像,采用阈值分离法自动选择分类特征和确定特征阈值,进而分别获取建筑物、水泥地面和沥青路面的提取规则,实现了对不透水面信息的快速和准确提取。     

我国矿业开采带来的环境问题及其土地复垦

矿山环境问题已成为矿区建设生态绿色城市和社会经济发展的障碍,严重威胁矿区人民的财产和生命安全,治理和修复矿山生态环境势在必行,矿区土地复垦是恢复矿区生态环境的关键步骤.矿区复垦分为采空区复垦、塌陷区复垦、废石场复垦、尾矿库复垦等四种类型,应针对每种不同的类型采取相应的治理和复垦措施.矿区土地复垦的关键是正确评价废弃地的类型和特征,并在此基础上进行生态环境恢复重建.     

采煤塌陷区综合整治的实践与思考

正江苏省徐州市贾汪区是习近平总书记视察并作出重要指示的地方,总书记指出:"塌陷区要坚持走符合国情的转型发展之路,打造绿水青山,并把绿水青山变成金山银山。"采煤塌陷区的综合整治作为生态文明建设的攻坚内容之一,需要对受损的山水林田湖草生命共同体进行整体保护、系统修复、综合治理,并提升其利用价值。结合徐州综合整治经验,以及对山东济宁、山西太原、陕西榆林等典型采煤塌陷区的实地调研,笔者梳理了采煤塌陷区的特征及问题,并提     

整体的知识发现与GIS方法对土地利用的语义决策研究

提出不同其它决策方法解决办法.即当决策数据不确定时,利用模糊规则替代语义知识,并且从GIS数据中提取这种模糊知识,利用语义规则替代数学模型模拟决策制定的过程.研究采用一个自适应的模糊神经网络构造和提取语义知识,这种知识发现与GIS相结合的方法被一个土地利用评价的例子进行了验证,其结果表明提取的语义知识能较好地得到解释并支持决策制定.     

黑龙江省煤炭资源枯竭型城镇塌陷区生态规划研究

黑龙江煤炭城市因其特殊的发展产生了城市的整体衰落和边缘化问题,这些问题直接影响到城市空间的整体功能,其中最为突出的是塌陷区恶化问题。目前塌陷区生态恢复与改造已经成为煤炭城镇规划研究的热点。文章以资源枯竭城镇理论为基础,以黑龙江煤炭城镇塌陷区作为实证研究对象,以现场调研和规划为方法,以改善煤炭枯竭城市塌陷区发展为目的。深入探讨了黑龙江煤炭城镇塌陷区问题与危害,提出了黑龙江煤炭塌陷区的发展模式与对策措施。通过对塌陷区生态调整的思考,阐明煤炭城镇空间结构优化构想的现实性,为寒地煤炭城镇塌陷区发展提供一定借鉴。     

邢台市城市边缘带煤矿塌陷区景观生态设计

以邢台市城市边缘带邢台煤矿塌陷区为例,采用景观生态策略原理综合研究城市规划中煤矿塌陷区用地规划,为煤矿塌陷区复合生态系统综合治理和城市空间拓展提供新的思路和解决途径。     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。