县域耕地后备资源调查评价及补充耕地潜力分析

[目的]耕地后备资源在耕地占补平衡中发挥着重要的作用,在过分依赖于土地开发的条件下,认清耕地后备资源数量以及补充耕地的潜力,对确保粮食安全具有重要的意义。[方法]采用"限制因子法"摸清耕地后备资源数量,在此基础上利用新增耕地率和等级折算系数建立耕地占补平衡测算方法,分析规划期内(2011~2020年)黑龙江省嘉荫县为实现耕地数量、质量、类型上占补平衡需要开发利用耕地后备资源的数量。[结果]嘉荫县耕地后备资源总量25 838.36hm~2,主要集中分布在北部和西南部,北部以其他草地为主,西南部以沼泽地为主,其他地区耕地后备资源面积分布比较零散;从类型上看,嘉荫县沼泽地所占比重较大,其次为其他草地。为满足耕地数量、质量和类型上的占补平衡,至2020年最低需要开发耕地后备资源面积10 683.83hm~2,最高需要开发12 426.34hm~2;其中补充旱地、水田和水浇地的面积分别为10 513.35hm~2、163.78hm~2、6.71hm~2,且消耗时间小于15年。[结论]研究明确了耕地后备资源补充潜力,为下一轮土地利用总体规划的修编提供参考价值。     

新形势下芜湖市耕地后备资源调查与开发利用研究

基于新形势下"占优补优"、"占水田补水田"的要求,开展区域耕地后备资源调查与分析,对优化区域农业结构与确保耕地占补平衡政策顺利实施具有重要意义。文章在确定耕地后备资源类型的前提下,通过对芜湖市耕地后备资源的调查,了解芜湖市耕地后备资源现状与当前开发利用中存在问题,掌握耕地后备资源的数量、质量、类型及空间分布情况;同时结合芜湖市土地利用总体规划确定的新增建设用地占用耕地情况,分别从数量、质量及类型方面分析2011~2020年间芜湖市耕地占补平衡的实现程度,在此基础上提出实现"耕地占补平衡"的芜湖市耕地后备资源开发利用方案;根据耕地后备资源开发利用中存在的现有问题,提出合理开发利用耕地后备资源的对策措施;最后,有针对性提出了基于区域"占补平衡"与"异地代补"的政策建议,从而为解决芜湖市耕地后备资源开发利用与耕地占补平衡问题、合理开发区域耕地后备资源提供决策依据。     

基于ArcGIS的河南省土地利用变化特征研究

[目的]以河南省为研究对象,分析2005~2010年河南省土地利用变化特征及其影响因素,为日后河南省合理利用各类土地资源提供思考和借鉴。[方法]主要采用数据分析法和文献研究法。查阅文献搜集2005~2010年河南省土地利用情况相关数据,通过ArcGIS 10.2软件,得到河南省土地利用变化特征。[结果]河南省的主要土地利用类型是耕地,2010年占河南省土地总面积的63.12%。2005~2010年,河南省的耕地转移面积最大,为5.055 4万hm~2。其次为水域用地,转移面积2.184 8万hm~2。草地转移面积最小,转移面积为2 424hm~2。水域用地动态度变化为7.49%,未利用地动态度变化为6.86%,耕地变化动态度最小,为0.48%。耕地主要向建设用地转移,转移面积为13.403 1万hm~2。林地主要向耕地转移,转移面积为1.617 4万hm~2。未使用地主要向耕地和水域用地转移,转移面积分别为2 568hm~2和7 673hm~2。[结论]2005~2010年河南省土地利用格局发生了较大变化。耕地面积减少,建设用地面积增多。未利用地主要向耕地和水域用地转出。河南省单一土地利用动态度最大的水域用地,最小的是耕地。建议相关部门,依据各地地理条件、经济发展水平及土地利用中出现的问题,制定合理的政策和措施,促进土地利用健康发展。     

江西省耕地后备资源潜力分布及开发组合序列分析

[目的]根据耕地后备资源的分布特征研究其开发组合序列是有效开发利用耕地后备资源、补充耕地的重要前提。文章利用江西省耕地后备资源调查评价成果,以县为分级单元对全省耕地后备资源进行开发潜力分级,对江西省耕地后备资源开发组合序列进行研究,从而为江西省耕地后备资源的开发顺序提供参考。[方法]利用Arc GIS空间图形分析法、DPS数据处理系统两维图论聚类等方法确定开发潜力等级以及开发序列。[结果]江西省耕地后备资源开发潜力从高到底依次分为Ⅰ级潜力区、Ⅱ级潜力区、Ⅲ级潜力区和Ⅳ级潜力区,面积分别为2.726 672万hm~2、2.306 897万hm~2、2.873 594万hm~2、1.378 88万hm~2。[结论]根据两维图论聚类法分析结果得知,江西省各县地域相似程度较高可优先开发的组合有进贤县-南昌县-余干县-鄱阳县-彭泽县;袁州区-分宜县-上高县-渝水区-樟树市;进贤县-南昌县-余干县-鄱阳县-都昌县和樟树市-渝水区-上高县-高安市-奉新县-安义县-永修县等。     

城市化加速期维持我国耕地数量稳定的可行性分析

文章主要研究当前我国城市化加速发展时期,维持耕地数量基本稳定是否具有可行性。首先,采用文献归纳法,归纳总结已有的研究成果;然后,采取统计描述分析方法,运用遥感监测数据,分析我国城市化发展时期耕地变化的状况,并将我国城市化发展时期耕地变化状况与已有的研究结论进行对比研究,分析该时期耕地变化的主要驱动因素;最后,针对我国城市化加速发展时期耕地数量变化的主要驱动因素,采用统计和计量经济分析方法,进一步分析我国当前城市化加速发展时期维持耕地稳定的有利因素。研究结果认为:(1)我国前一时期的城市化发展已经基本完成了城市空间扩张,当前的城市建设应该主要整合已经占用的土地,在原有基础上加以集约利用,而不需要大量新增建设土地;(2)由于城市建设用地比农村建设用地更加集约化,城市化发展有利于阻止耕地流失;(3)我国生态退耕工程进入到巩固阶段,生态退耕面积有进一步减少的趋势;(4)我国后备耕地资源分布区域不均衡,通过异地占补平衡可以缓解经济发达省份耕地资源不足问题。因此,文章结论认为:城市化加速期维持我国耕地数量基本稳定具有可行性。     

基于PCA的龙口市土地可持续利用评价

[目的]土地资源可持续利用是区域可持续发展的基础,建设用地弹性是影响土地资源可持续利用的重要因素。[方法]文章以山东省龙口市为研究区,引入建设用地弹性系数,构建包括社会发展、经济发展和生态环境3个因素、19个因子的评价指标体系,基于主成分分析法(PCA),客观评价2004—2015年龙口市土地可持续利用状况与变化。[结果] 2004—2015年龙口市土地可持续利用综合水平逐年提高,2015年达到相对最高值; 2004—2015年社会发展、经济发展可持续水平持续提高,生态环境可持续水平整体上呈上升趋势,但过程波动较大;人口变化与城乡建设用地增加不协调、经济增长与建设用地消耗的不协调以及耕地环境污染可能成为目前龙口市土地资源可持续利用的制约因素。[结论]在此基础上,提出了加强农村宅基地管理,提高村庄用地集约度;提高土地投入产出效率,加快经济发展速度;倡导发展生态农业,减少耕地资源的污染等建议。     

城镇化背景下我国耕地的中长期预测

本文分析了中国耕地资源变化的现状;利用人口—耕地模型对中国耕地的中长期变化进行了预测;利用模型对各项建设用地的扩张和占用耕地情况进行了预测;对耕地的各项变更进行了预测。主要结论有耕地减少速度近中期较快,长期转缓;建设用地的扩张和占用耕地的数量取决于总人口的发展和城镇化的进程;建设占地将成为未来耕地减少的主要项目。提出应建立和实施严格的土地普查和管理制度,提高城市土地的利用效率和城郊农业的土地生产效率,提高耕地的质量水平,加强可持续发展规划以实现对土地资源的合理利用。     

乌鲁木齐市耕地面积变化态势及驱动机制分析

[目的]耕地资源是我国乃至世界重要的土地资源,保护耕地数量不减少、质量不降低是我们每个公民义不容易的责任和义务。当前国内外对耕地保护的研究大多仅停留在时间上的比较以及定量的分析,很少对指标因素和时间进行横纵向比较。[方法]文章基于乌鲁木齐市2004~2013年耕地面积,从全市人口、经济、政策投资及科技与城建等4个大类出发,选取18个指标,分析了乌鲁木齐市耕地面积的变化态势和规律。采用主成分和多元回归的分析方法,揭示了耕地面积变化的驱动机制;采用相应的指标体系构建耕地面积变化驱动模型。[结果]研究表明:近10年乌鲁木齐市耕地面积呈减少-增多-减少趋势,而GDP、居民储蓄存款、市区总人口及财政支出是影响耕地面积变化的主要因素。[结论]鉴于此,该研究为乌鲁木齐市土地资源的合理配置、土地利用规划以及耕地资源的科学利用提供决策依据,为实现当地资源、环境与经济的可持续发展提供了新的思路。     

耕地后备资源利用应考虑多重属性——以哈尔滨市为例

正近年来,哈尔滨市各类用地需求量增加。如何合理开发利用全市耕地后备资源,有效补偿各类建设占用的耕地,对于稳定耕地面积,保持农业的可持续发展具有十分重要的意义。耕地后备资源现状分析耕地后备资源的利用以可开垦土地为主。可开垦土地包括可开垦其他草地、可开垦内陆滩涂、可开垦盐碱地、可开垦沼泽地、可开垦沙地和可开垦裸地等。全市耕地后备资源可开垦土地有32678个地块,面积为90.77万亩,以可开垦     

人口规模、经济增长、资源禀赋与虚拟土地进口

[目的]分析虚拟土地进口的主要影响因素,为我国合理利用"两个市场"和"两种资源"提供决策依据。[方法]以1992~2014年的经验数据为依据,建立VAR模型,对我国人口规模、经济增长、资源禀赋与虚拟土地进口之间的关系进行实证分析。[结果]人口规模增长、经济发展以及人均耕地锐减是我国虚拟土地进口持续增长的驱动因素,三者对虚拟土地进口增长的驱动作用持续时间较长,且人口和人均耕地面积对虚拟土地进口的贡献呈不断增强趋势,但人均GDP对虚拟土地进口的贡献呈不断下降趋势。[结论]在未来一段时间内,虽然我国人口和人均GDP将继续保持双增长,但对促进虚拟土地进口增长的贡献较小,而人均耕地面积的不断减少对虚拟土地进口增长的贡献作用大,且贡献率有不断上升的趋势,耕地资源紧缺将成为我国虚拟土地进口不断攀升的主要影响因素。在当前严峻的资源环境形势下,保障耕地资源数量和质量、优化耕地资源空间配置、合理进口非粮土地密集型农产品、大力支持农业"走出去"等虚拟土地战略措施需要积极落实执行。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Towards an Integration of R & D and Marketing in Production Development

Abstract

In this paper, two approaches which are characteristic for Research & Development and Marketing departments are compared. First, R&D versus Marketing orientations are explained, then the major differences between them are presented. The integration of both approaches may improve competitive advantage of the food industry. Factors stimulating such integration are presented on the basis of data from real business circumstances. Innovation is regarded as a major source of competitive advantage of company. Therefore, integration in sensory methodology, that is commonly but differently used by R & D and Marketing departments, may contribute to the improvement of innovation practices and successful business performance. Finally, the role of consumer tests, oriented for marketing and product development, is illustrated.     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

The Real of Community,the Desire for Development and the Performance of Egalitarianism in the Peruvian Andes: A Materialist–Utopian Account

The paper proposes a materialist–utopian perspective for explaining the persistence of community in the Andes by drawing upon Lacanian theory and the thought of the Peruvian Marxist José Carlos Mariátegui. What characterizes the Andean comunidad are not notions of belonging and identity, but the existence of a fundamental antagonism (what I call the ‘Real of community’). The argument unfolds ethnographically. Usibamba, a peasant comunidad in the central Peruvian Andes, is known as a highly egalitarian and disciplined comunidad. However, a disjunction exists between deep‐seated aspirations of justice and egalitarianism and the particularistic interests of families and individuals. This disjunction manifests itself in a contradictory, schizophrenic regime of discipline and negotiation that produces ‘split subjects’. Desiring development and the staging of theatrical performances of egalitarianism enables Usibambinos to deal with this disjunction and to present an image of unity and determination. I conclude that the comunidad persists through ‘impossible political acts’ brought about by a residual but growing category of landless comuneros who constitute ‘the part of no part’, the uncounted or unnamed.     

边缘旅游地开发研究——以赤峰市为例

边缘旅游地正逐渐成为旅游发展研究的热点之一;在阐述边缘旅地形成机理的基础上,分析了赤峰市旅游业边缘化的原因及表现;对边缘旅游地赤峰市的旅游业开发进行可行性分析,提出摆脱旅游业边缘化的对策和措施,强调必须紧紧依托周边京津冀辽等核心旅游地,注重区域间的优势互补,借助周围核心旅游地的优势扩大赤峰市的旅游市场,在边缘地树立大旅游观念,同时依据赤峰市自身的资源优势不断开发特色旅游产品、打造品牌,积极培养优秀的旅游人才。