湖南省农业低碳旅游发展水平测度

［目的］随着旅游业的快速发展，旅游碳排放量逐渐增加，湖南省是我国发展旅游业的重要省份，通过对湖南省农业低碳旅游发展水平进行研究，为我国发展低碳旅游提供理论参考。［方法］文章利用层次分析法构建湖南省农业低碳旅游发展水平评价指标体系，通过调查法对各指标进行赋值，采用加权综合评价模型计算湖南省低碳旅游发展水平综合得分，并根据划分标准作出评价。［结果］层次分析法结果表明资源环境低碳化管理的权重值最大为0493，游客低碳行为的权重值为0311，企业低碳化经营的权重值为0196。LCTE模型得到湖南省低碳发展水平综合得分为0659，属于低碳发展阶段，距离成熟阶段尚存在较大的距离。［结论］从整体上看，湖南省政府低碳化管理水平相对较好，旅客的低碳化意识有待提高，企业低碳化经营方面较差。因此，建议政府继续加强对低碳旅游发展的管理，强化低碳标准，提高低碳化意识； 加强对企业的监督和引导，积极引导企业推进节能减排技术； 加大教育和宣传力度，提高大众的低碳意识，从行动上实现低碳旅游模式。     

江苏省创意农业资源利用水平的综合评价及发展趋势灰色预测

［目的］随着农产品需求结构的多元化，创意农业成为新经济发展下的新型产业，研究创意农业资源利用水平和发展趋势，更好地促进农村经济发展和农民增收。［方法］文章以创意农业发展为背景，采用层次分析法对江苏省创意农业资源利用水平进行测度，利用自适应灰色预测模型对江苏省创意农业发展趋势进行灰色预测。［结果］权重分析结果表明农村居民人均纯收入权重值最高为0110，表明在创意农业资源利用评价中，农村居民人均纯收入最为重要。综合评分结果表明农村居民人均纯收入得分最高为0429分，该结果说明创意农业较大地促进了农村居民人均收入水平的增长。江苏省创意农业资源利用水平综合得分为3927分，处于较高利用水平，但产业发展不平衡，经济、文化、产业发展水平相对于旅游发展水平较低。灰色预测结果表明未来5年内江苏省创意农业发展方向以农业观光园和民俗旅游形式为主，设施农业发展仍处于弱势。［结论］整体上看，江苏省创意农业资源利用处于较高水平，但发展不均衡。从发展模式和发展方向看，江苏省创意农业将以农业观光园和民俗旅游的形式优先发展。因此，在保证观光休闲农业和乡村旅游业稳定发展的基础上，加快设施农业的发展速度，以保证江苏省创意农业全面、平衡地发展。     

郑州市休闲农业空间分布及其评价

［目的］为探讨休闲农业空间的分布规律，促进休闲农业布局的优化发展，实现区域休闲农业的健康可持续发展。［方法］文章以郑州市为研究区域，通过空间分布密度和地理联系率分析休闲农业的空间分布，进而通过模糊层次综合分析法对其休闲农业空间适宜性进行评价。［结果］郑州市休闲农业主要集中在惠济区（106个）、登封市（78个）、二七区（67个），其中惠济区和二七区是近郊集聚地，登封市是远郊集聚地，且中原区（092）、惠济区（051）和二七区（043）的空间分布密度较高，而巩义区（001）和航空港区（002）的空间分布密度较低，同时休闲农业点数分布与客源市场分布之间的地理联系率为685%，整体上郑州市休闲农业点与客源市场之间的均衡和配合程度中等。此外郑州市休闲农业空间分布适宜性的最终综合评价得分为134，说明目前郑州市休闲农业空间分布的适宜性较差，其中区位条件和社会经济对于郑州市休闲农业空间分布适宜性发挥重要作用。［结论］郑州市休闲农业应加强薄弱环节的建设，因地制宜，协调发展区域休闲农业，构建合理的休闲农业空间分布布局。     

基于层次分析和模糊评判的湖北省休闲农业区域发展潜力分析

［目的］生态功能区划是区域自然资源开发管理、生态环境保护及产业布局的重要依据，在此基础上，对休闲农业发展潜力进行评价，以期为区域休闲农业的持续发展提供参考意见。［方法］鉴于影响区域休闲农业发展潜力的因素较多，且某些因子存在一定程度的模糊性，文章通过构建湖北省休闲农业区域发展潜力评价指标体系，采用模糊评价法对其进行定量研究分析。［结果］基于生态功能区划的湖北省休闲农业区域发展潜力评价体系综合得分6882，处于中等发展水平，仍有很大的发展潜力。模糊评价向量中隶属度最大值为0298，发展潜力较大，其中农业资源、生态环境、空间布局的模糊评价向量隶属度最大值分别为0384、0286和0442，发展潜力较大，而生态服务功能重要性和生态环境敏感性的模糊评价向量隶属度最大值分别为0259和0315，发展潜力一般。［结论］湖北省基于生态功能区划发展休闲农业应加强生态环境、休闲农业等方面的工作。研究结果对湖北省休闲农业的持续发展具有一定指导意义，也为区域休闲农业的发展提供一定参考。     

河南省休闲农业转型升级驱动力分析

［目的］通过对河南省休闲农业转型升级中影响驱动力各项因素的评价和分析，以期对河南省休闲农业可持续发展提供参考。［方法］以河南省休闲农业转型升级驱动力为目标，通过构建评价指标体系，从政策因素、区位因素、发展因素和社会因素4个部分组成评价准则层，在此基础上进行具体指标选取，运用层次分析法分析其驱动力。［结果］在准则层中，4个部分的权重分布情况为政策因素（0409 0）＞区位因素（0290 2）＞发展因素（0162 2）＞社会因素（0138 6），指标层权重处于第一层次的有休闲体验需求（0416 2）、乡村振兴战略（0375 4）、产业融合趋势（0368 2）和地区资源特色（0368 1）。［结论］休闲体验需求、乡村振兴战略、产业融合趋势和地区资源特色是目前河南省休闲农业转型升级的主要驱动力； 河南省休闲农业转型升级驱动力是由政策因素、区位因素、发展因素和社会因素共同组成的一个相互联系相互制约的复杂系统，其中乡村振兴战略和美丽乡村建设等政策对休闲农业的整体规划起到指导作用，区位因素决定了地区间农业资源特色和客源市场的不同以及客源与目的地之间的交通距离，且经济的发展和交通环境的改善促使地区间特色资源的开发，进而促进科技发展、教育水平提高、经营管理完善和休闲体验需求多样化等社会因素，由此形成河南省休闲农业转型升级驱动力系统。     

广西农业生态脆弱性评价及区划研究

［目的］随着经济的快速发展，我国各地区都面临着不同程度的农业生态脆弱性，通过研究特殊地形和气候下的农业生态脆弱性，有助于为农业生态环境的综合治理提供参考。［方法］文章以广西为例，通过构建评价指标体系，采用层次分析法和熵权法确定综合权重，通过构建综合评价模型对广西农业生态脆弱性程度进行评价，利用ArcGIS对生态脆弱性进行分级，以期探究广西农业生态脆弱性的空间分布情况。［结果］权重分析结果表明水蚀面积的权重值最高为0134，年平均降水量的权重值为0113，自然环境指标相对于农业生产和经济指标对农业生态脆弱性的影响更大。区划研究结果表明广西农业生态脆弱性区域大致可分为5个区域，分别是桂西峰丛洼地带、桂东山地丘陵地带、桂中低山丘陵地带、桂东北山地、桂南沿海丘陵地带。［结论］广西农业生态环境整体来看较为脆弱，处于轻度和中度脆弱等级，但生态环境问题仍不容忽视。为了改善农业生态脆弱性，政府应实行区域的联合防治，加大对农业生态环境的监督和治理，积极探寻生态、环保的农业发展方式，调整产业结构，改善农业生态环境的状态，促进广西农业的可持续发展。     

山西省农业生态旅游资源评价研究

［目的］通过分析山西省生态农业自身特色，从资源的自身景观价值、资源条件及生态环境3方面选取评价指标，构建了山西省农业生态旅游资源评价模型，并对其进行评价，以期为山西省生态农业旅游发展提供借鉴。［方法］文章采用层次分析法计算各指标权重，采用加权评分法计算农业生态旅游资源综合得分值，通过专家打分法对山西省14个主要生态农业旅游资源进行评价。［结果］（1）对于评价体系的准则层而言，资源价值和生态环境权重相同，总权重占比达到90%，是评价山西省农业生态旅游资源主要部分，资源条件权重最低； （2）对于评价体系的项目层而言，资源生态质量权重最大，其次是资源科教价值，再次是文化价值； （3）对于评价体系的因子层而言，资源的奇特性权重最大，其次为资源的生态稳定性，两者权重值相差不大，均是评价山西省农业生态旅游资源的重要因子。［结论］山西省主要生态农业旅游资源分布在Ⅱ～Ⅳ级，且Ⅲ级水平最多，尚有很大发展空间。     

江西边远山区休闲农业发展潜力及绩效评价

［目的］文章从江西省边远山区发展休闲农业的潜力出发，采用层次分析法评价目前其山区休闲农业发展的绩效，以期为江西省山区休闲农业的发展提供支持。［方法］采用层次分析法（AHP），分别构建江西省边远山区休闲农业发展潜力指标评价体系和江西省边远山区休闲农业发展绩效评价指标体系，并确定指标权重。然后根据各指标的游客和当地农民的评分值（分值范围为1~10分）与权重值加权计算各区域（赣东、赣西、赣南、赣北）的发展潜力指数和绩效指数并分别比较其大小。［结果］（1）在山区休闲农业发展潜力评价体系中，在系统层中，资源条件的权重值高于经营水平； 经营水平的指标中，游客接待水平的权重值最大，发资源条件的指标中，交通便利程度的权重值最大。（2）在山区休闲农业发展绩效评价体系中，在系统层中，经济效益的权重值最高，其次是生态效益，社会效益的权重值最低； 在经济效益的指标中，村民人均可支配收入的权重值最大； 在社会效益的指标中，吸纳农村劳动力就业的权重值最大； 在生态效益的指标中，农村环境改善程度的权重值最大。（3）山区休闲农业发展潜力和发展绩效排序结果一致：赣南>赣西>赣东>赣北。［结论］江西省边远山区休闲农业发展前景广阔，潜力巨大，但由于交通基础设施建设及环境条件和旅游经营水平的差异，各区域山区休闲农业发展状况存在差异，其中，赣南山区的发展潜力最大，发展成效最为显著。各区域应因地制宜，合理制定发展规划和方向，突出区域发展特色，激发休闲农业的经济、社会和生态效益，有效提高农民收入，帮助农民脱贫致富。     

河南省乡村旅游资源环境承载力测度

［目的］随着乡村旅游的快速发展，旅游环境受到的压力逐渐加大，河南省是我国农业大省，也是乡村旅游发展较早的省份，测度乡村旅游资源环境承载力对河南省发展乡村旅游具有重要的指导意义。［方法］文章通过构建乡村旅游资源环境承载力评价指标体系，采用层次分析法确定指标权重，构建旅游资源环境承载力指数模型对河南省乡村旅游资源环境承载力进行分析评价。［结果］(1)利用层次分析法得到的指标权重结果表明自然资源承载力权重值最高，为0424 9，乡村旅游基础设施承载力权重值最低，为0249 5。(2)旅游环境承载力指数表明2011—2016年河南省乡村旅游资源环境承载力为轻度超载，整体上处于协调状态。(3)从3个层面来看，自然资源的利用程度较高，为轻度超载； 社会经济发展承载力处于报警状态，人口增长对社会经济增长带来的影响较明显； 基础实施承载力为轻度超载，应加强基础实施的建设。［结论］目前，河南省乡村旅游发展基本处于可持续发展状态。根据研究结果提出针对性的建议，应加强乡村基础设施的建设，适当控制人口增长以减小对环境造成的压力，优化乡村旅游产业结构，促进自然资源、社会经济和基础设施的协调，保证河南省乡村旅游的可持续发展。     

重庆市乡村旅游空间分布特征及优化评价

［目的］探讨乡村旅游的空间分布特征对于优化乡村旅游空间格局具有重要意义，对其进行分析评价，有利于完善区域旅游资源，进而促进其均衡发展。［方法］以重庆市为研究对象，通过最邻近指数分析其乡村旅游景点空间分布特征，采用层析分析法对其乡村旅游进行评价，根据结果提出相应优化措施。［结果］（1）重庆市都市区的最邻近指数最高为0814，其次为渝东北生态涵养发展区为0735，城市发展新区为0697； 渝东南生态保护发展区为0402，可以看出重庆市乡村旅游空间分布总体上呈凝聚分布； （2）重庆市乡村旅游优化评价指标中旅游资源、道路设施、生态环境和综合管理的权重分别是0357 1，0253 6,0230 1和0159 2，得分大于70分以上包括乡村森林覆盖率、公路的便捷性、乡村气候舒适度、保障机制、经济水平、游客容量和客源条件，其他指标得分低于70分，包括服务中心数量、乡村旅游专线、乡村空气质量、农民拥有的道路面积密度、乡村公路等级、文化价值和管理者素质，这些也是重庆市急需优化的方面。［结论］整体上重庆市乡村旅游综合管理水平相对落后，应加强该方面的投入和管理，促进乡村旅游的协调发展。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

Successful Practices in California Wine Exporting

Abstract

California is one of the world's largest wine producers, yet it has exported only a small portion of its products. Many US wineries want to pursue opportunities in foreign markets but only a few are actually doing this successfully. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the successful practices of 12 California wineries that have achieved their financial targets and other export goals. A qualitative research design of in-depth interviews was employed. Results indicate that there are 5 major success factors, with the two most important being the foreign partner relationship and top management vision and commitment to exporting.     

Time Allocation Decisions Associated with Job Market Preparation: Undergraduate Perceptions versus Market Realities

A survey of agribusiness firms identifies characteristics associated with above average starting salary offers in the allied fields of agribusiness, agricultural economics, business, and economics. A complementary survey is made of students at Texas A&M University and University of Georgia. Results show that firms value work experience and leadership experience more than students do, whereas students value raising grade point average and interview preparation more than do firms. Students seeking a firm's maximum starting salary offer will need to enhance academic performance with substantial work experience and leadership experience.     

Developments in the Doha Round and WTO dispute settlement: some implications for EU agricultural policy

Progress in the Doha Round is assessed against the changes tothe common agricultural policy (CAP) brought about by the Fischlerreforms of 2003–2004, and that proposed for sugar. Anelimination of export subsidies could place EU exports of processedfoods at a competitive disadvantage because of high sugar andmilk prices. Provided the single payment scheme falls withinthe green box, the likely new limits on domestic support shouldnot be problematic for the post-Fischler CAP. However, an ambitiousmarket access package could open up EU markets and bring pressurefor further reform. If there is no Doha agreement, existingprovisions will continue to apply, but without the protectionof the Peace Clause; and increased litigation is likely. FurtherCAP reform is to be expected.