论耕地质量红线

[目的]定义耕地质量红线,促进农业农村部"建立耕地质量红线标准"和"研究提出耕地质量红线划定方法"的落实。[方法]文章主要采用文献分析和专家访谈方法。[结果]人们普遍认识到保耕地红线不仅要重视数量,更要重视质量;不仅要有数量红线,也要有质量红线。然而,何为耕地质量红线,目前并无明确定义。[结论]耕地质量红线应分为微观层面的耕地质量绝对红线和宏观层面的耕地质量相对红线。耕地质量绝对红线,也称之为微观层面耕地质量红线,是指耕地质量关键要素的极限值,一旦突破该线,原有的耕地将不再适宜耕作,或不能生产安全合格的农产品;耕地质量相对红线,也称之为宏观层面耕地质量红线,是指在区域耕地数量红线的背景下,为了保障区域内粮食及主要农产品安全供给,区域耕地质量平均等级(等别)的极限值。     

多维视角下中国乡村旅游扶贫效应研究评述

[目的]通过梳理国内旅游扶贫效应研究成果,全面把握我国乡村旅游扶贫效应研究脉络,为合理评价旅游扶贫工作成效和开展进一步研究提供价值参考。[方法]采用文献分析法从研究视角、研究尺度、研究内容和研究方法等多个维度对国内乡村旅游扶贫效应研究成果进行全面、系统地梳理和评价。[结果]不同维度视角下旅游扶贫效应研究在研究对象、研究内容和研究方法上存在差异;早期研究多集中于宏观尺度,主要探讨旅游扶贫的乘数效应及漏损等经济效应,并逐步由经济效应向综合效应转变;旅游扶贫的差异化效应研究是未来宏观尺度下重要的研究方向。微观尺度下,贫困人口的受益效应是当前研究的热点,主要围绕贫困人口收入增加效应、社区参与、收入差异效应及自我感知效应等方面展开;未来研究应进一步关注贫困人口的旅游参与和综合受益。[结论]深刻认识旅游扶贫的本质和目标;建立全面、科学的旅游扶贫效应评价体系;创新旅游扶贫效益研究方法;不断完善乡村旅游扶贫效应研究内容。     

中国家庭食物浪费的规模估算及决定因素分析

在食物充足稳定供给因自然生态环境恶化面临严峻挑战的当下,中国食物浪费现象却日趋严重。本文以家庭消费环节的食物浪费为主题,利用中国营养与健康调查(CHNS)数据,在家庭食物浪费状况描述和规模估算的基础上,从人口规模和构成、人口特征、经济状况和文化背景四个方面对决定家庭食物浪费的家庭微观层面因素做了理论探讨和计量分析,以此为减少家庭食物浪费探寻政策思路。分析结果显示:(1)中国家庭的平均食物浪费数量总体上虽在逐年下降,但发生食物浪费的家庭占比却在不断提高,且总量规模十分庞大。利用2009年数据来保守推算,2016年中国人均的家庭食物浪费量在7. 63~10. 86千克,全年家庭食物浪费总量高达1055. 60~1501. 55万吨。加总餐饮行业的食物浪费,中国2016年的食物浪费量占全年粮食总产量的比例不低于4. 47%~5. 2%。(2)在家庭微观层面,家庭的人口规模、经济状况、户主和主要女性成员的年龄、省份地域所反映的文化背景差异是解释家庭食物浪费发生和浪费水平的重要因素。     

北方牧区居民家庭食物消费结构与特征研究

[目的]文章以内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔市内鄂温克族自治旗、陈巴尔虎旗、新巴尔虎右旗为典型区域,定量研究我国北方牧区居民家庭食物消费结构及特征,以期丰富我国牧区的食物消费数据库、促进牧区居民食物消费转型升级。[方法]采用分层抽样,通过实地入户3d跟踪称重调研,获取典型区域内204户居民家庭食物消费的一手数据,结合中国居民膳食宝塔推荐值和传统农村(山东省)居民食物消费数据,对牧区家庭食物消费结构进行分析。[结果](1)牧区居民家庭人均食物消费量为495.99g/(人·餐),其中植物性食物消费量是动物性食物的2.4倍;蔬菜消费占比最高(24.43%),其次是面粉(18.39%)、奶类(12.62%)和肉类(11.39%);粮食消费中50%以上为面粉消费,肉类消费中60%以上为牛羊肉消费。(2)不同区域和群体间消费差异明显。收入水平较高的家庭对非主食类食物(肉类、食用油、零食和酒水)的消费量更高,而对薯类的消费量更低;与少数民族相比,饮食主要决定人为汉族的家庭人均食物消费量更低,且对奶类、酒水的消费量明显更低。(3)与中国居民平衡膳食宝塔推荐值相比,呼伦贝尔牧区居民食物消费表现出高油多盐的特征,同时对牛羊肉为主的肉类和谷薯类的消费偏高,而对水产类、水果和奶类的消费明显不足;与传统农村居民家庭食物消费相比,牧区居民的蔬菜、大豆及坚果的消费量更低。[结论]牧区居民食物消费有了主、副食兼用的趋势,且仍能体现地域特色,但饮食结构仍呈现单一化,对牛羊肉等肉类消费过量情况尤为突出。     

国际食物消费可持续性研究进展

[目的]通过国际食物消费可持续性研究领域动态分析,为食物和可持续发展领域研究方向与趋势提供知识基础与借鉴。[方法]文章基于文献计量研究方法,通过趋势分析、合作网络、共被引和关键词共现等分析,对1986—2019年国际食物消费可持续性相关研究进行了总结。[结果]（1）近30多年来食物消费可持续性研究不断发展,尤其是近10年来,呈现快速发展趋势;研究主要集中在环境、食物、营养、农业和生态领域。（2）食物消费可持续性研究最多产的作者和机构位于美国和欧洲国家,中国是亚洲的一个重要节点,但研究总体仍有待进一步加强;联合国粮农组织（Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,FAO）为食物消费领域与其他众多领域的研究构建了重要的桥梁;发表在Science和Nature期刊的相关研究成果是食物消费可持续性研究领域的重要基础。（3）食物消费可持续性研究的主题主要包括食物与农业系统可持续性、食物安全与营养健康质量和食物消费资源环境效应及可持续性评估三个方面。[结论]发展中国家和欠发达地区食物消费可持续性研究有待加强,同时食物消费可持续性...     

基于LASSO方法的四川农村居民食物消费支出影响因素探究

[目的]农村居民是乡村振兴的主体,其食物消费和膳食结构直接影响乡村振兴战略的顺利实施。四川省是我国西部农业大省,其农村居民的食物消费和膳食结构在中国西部地区具有一定的代表性。分析四川农村居民食物消费支出及其影响因素,对于改善农村居民食物消费和推进国家乡村振兴战略具有重要意义。[方法]根据经济发展水平进行分层抽样,选取四川省3市3县(区)156个农户,开展食物消费支出及营养认知问卷调研,采用LASSO方法对调研结果进行回归,筛选出影响农村居民食物消费支出的关键因素。[结果]在影响农村居民食物消费支出的主要因素中,家庭食物营养决策人的营养态度、家庭收入和决策人年龄与家庭食物消费支出都存在显著正相关;其中,决策人的营养态度相关系数最大,达到0.886,家庭收入和决策人年龄的相关系数分别为0.043和0.011;而在家就餐人数与食物消费之间存在显著负相关,相关系数为-0.020。[结论]影响四川农村居民食物消费支出的关键性影响因素主要有决策人的营养态度、家庭收入、在家就餐人数和决策人年龄;其中,决策人的营养态度是四川省农村居民食物消费的主要因素,且存在正相关,即决策人营养认知水平高对农村居民膳食结构优化具有重要的促进作用,这也表明营养知识宣传及消费引导的重要性。     

自然保护区周边农户家庭生活能源消费需求——基于浙江和陕西的实证分析

自然保护区周边社区农户家庭能源消费结构与需求水平是影响自然保护区与周边社区协调发展的重要因素。本文基于浙江和陕西两省农户微观层面调查数据,采用计量经济学方法,对自然保护区周边社区农户家庭生活能源消费结构、消费水平、主要影响因素进行定量研究。研究结果表明:(1)自然保护区周边社区农户家庭生活能源消费正在向商品能源转变,尽管薪柴依然是该地区能源消费的主体,但商品性能源(电力、液化气)比重正在逐步提高,能源消费具有明显的组合特征。(2)收入水平是影响自然保护区周边农户家庭生活能源消费结构与水平的主要因素,能源需求具有明显的"能源阶梯"特征。(3)地区差异、家庭生产结构(养猪数量)和户主年龄等特征也对能源消费结构与消费水平有一定的影响。文章还对促进自然保护区周边农户能源消费转换的具体措施进行了讨论。     

家庭生命周期、保障策略与农户消费行为北大核心CSSCI

当前,绝大多数农户消费需求不足,消费支出维持在中低消费水平。研究表明,除农户自身与家庭特征对其消费支出有不同程度的影响外,保障策略、家庭生命周期对农户的消费行为也有着重要影响,且影响较为复杂。建议对不同家庭生命周期、不同消费水平的农户,在社会保障制度的推广、保障体系的健全与消费方式的转变上应有不同的政策侧重,以促进农户消费与社会稳定。     

外出务工对农户食物消费的影响研究*——基于中国西部6县的调查

[目的]为了厘清贫困地区外出务工与农户食物消费的关系,文章以西部贫困地区为例,研究外出务工对农户食物消费的影响。[方法]该文使用陕西省镇安县、洛南县,云南省武定县、会泽县和贵州省盘县、正安县2015年1 368户农户实地调研数据,将在家成员作为研究对象,采用倾向得分匹配法(PSM)调整样本的选择性偏差,降低内生性导致的估计偏误,分析外出务工的影响效果。[结果]采用最近邻匹配法、半径匹配法和核匹配法进行匹配后,发现外出务工使农户的人均食物消费总支出的对数最多显著提高0. 081%,最少显著提高0. 060%。[结论]外出务工主要通过收入变化、外来的信息或经验和人口变化3方面影响农户的食物消费,且西部贫困地区外出务工显著提高农户的食物消费水平。相关部门应关注贫困地区农户食物消费与营养状况,改善其食物消费结构,提高食物安全与营养水平。     

家庭生命周期、保障策略与农户消费行为

当前,绝大多数农户消费需求不足,消费支出维持在中低消费水平。研究表明,除农户自身与家庭特征对其消费支出有不同程度的影响外,保障策略、家庭生命周期对农户的消费行为也有着重要影响,且影响较为复杂。建议对不同家庭生命周期、不同消费水平的农户,在社会保障制度的推广、保障体系的健全与消费方式的转变上应有不同的政策侧重,以促进农户消费与社会稳定。     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Agricultural Land in Vietnam: Markets Tempered by Family, Community and Socialist Practices

Since the late 1980s, markets involving agricultural land have emerged in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. One major reason is that collective farms, previously a central feature of the country's political economy, ended. And a major reason for that was villagers' everyday politics gnawed the underpinnings of the collectives until they collapsed. Rural households, for the most part, wanted to farm separately. Today they do. Land is not privatized, however. Farming households have land use rights, not ownership. This tempers markets, as do other conditions arising from contending schools of thought in Vietnam about how land should be used, distributed and regulated.     

Conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania: the case of the Mwangaza B CA farmer field school (FFS), Rhotia Village,Karatu District,Arusha

This project was initiated to promote conservation agriculture (CA) in Tanzania so as to improve the food security and rural livelihood of small- and medium-scale farmers through the scaling-up of CA as a sustainable land management (SLM) tool as well as increasing the numbers of SLM-CA farmer field schools (FFS) in communities. The project had two phases from 2004 to 2010. It was funded by a Government of Germany trust fund and implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Tanzania. The project pilot districts include Arumeru (Arusha and Meru Councils), Karatu, Babati, Hanang and Moshi districts. CA has been shown to offer positive elements that could contribute to fighting hunger and poverty.     

Successful Practices in California Wine Exporting

Abstract

California is one of the world's largest wine producers, yet it has exported only a small portion of its products. Many US wineries want to pursue opportunities in foreign markets but only a few are actually doing this successfully. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the successful practices of 12 California wineries that have achieved their financial targets and other export goals. A qualitative research design of in-depth interviews was employed. Results indicate that there are 5 major success factors, with the two most important being the foreign partner relationship and top management vision and commitment to exporting.     

Time Allocation Decisions Associated with Job Market Preparation: Undergraduate Perceptions versus Market Realities

A survey of agribusiness firms identifies characteristics associated with above average starting salary offers in the allied fields of agribusiness, agricultural economics, business, and economics. A complementary survey is made of students at Texas A&M University and University of Georgia. Results show that firms value work experience and leadership experience more than students do, whereas students value raising grade point average and interview preparation more than do firms. Students seeking a firm's maximum starting salary offer will need to enhance academic performance with substantial work experience and leadership experience.     

Developments in the Doha Round and WTO dispute settlement: some implications for EU agricultural policy

Progress in the Doha Round is assessed against the changes tothe common agricultural policy (CAP) brought about by the Fischlerreforms of 2003–2004, and that proposed for sugar. Anelimination of export subsidies could place EU exports of processedfoods at a competitive disadvantage because of high sugar andmilk prices. Provided the single payment scheme falls withinthe green box, the likely new limits on domestic support shouldnot be problematic for the post-Fischler CAP. However, an ambitiousmarket access package could open up EU markets and bring pressurefor further reform. If there is no Doha agreement, existingprovisions will continue to apply, but without the protectionof the Peace Clause; and increased litigation is likely. FurtherCAP reform is to be expected.