证券市场信息不对称问题研究

本文通过对产生证券市场信息不对称的主要因素的分析，从三个主要方面入手来讨论解决问题的思路与策略：强制性信息披露、抑制股市泡沫及其他。而实际上，减轻信息不对称对证券市场的负面影响，最根本的途经就在于抑制内幕交易以及提高信息披露质量两大方面。     

信息披露制度的市场效应分析——来自中国证券市场的经验证据

本文基于LMSW的理论框架,首次从信息披露制度的角度,将整个样本期划分为8个时间段,分段考察证券市场信息披露制度的市场效应,并为建立信息披露制度市场效应判别体系提供思路.实证结果显示,在1997、1999、2000、2006、2007子样本期内,信息披露制度市场效应显著,能够显著降低市场的信息不对称程度.本文对私人信息交易度C2的影响因素也进行了分析,发现C2与证券市场走势成反向关系,国家最高立法部门和证监会制定的制度对降低C2系数具有较大的影响,证券交易所对证券市场信息不对称的影响是直接而且效果显著的.     

中国证券市场道德风险的成因与防范

道德风险是指经济交易中由于双方的信息不对称，拥有信息优势的一方具备从事有利于己方行为的可能。信息经济学的理论表明，只要存在着信息不对称，就无法避免道德风险的存在。中国证券市场各参与主体之间的信息非对称性，是道德风险存在的最根本原因。证券市场的信息不对称主要分布于上市公司的股东与经理人之间，大股东与中小股东之间，上市公司与投资者之间，机构、大户与中小投资者之间，以及各市场主体与监管者之间等。     

规范关联方交易信息披露的必要性探析

本文从经济学角度论述关联方交易信息披露以及规范信息披露的必要性。指出由于委托方(股东与债权人)与代理方(上市公司经营者)之间的信息不对称而形成逆向选择和道德风险、关联方交易信息是公共物品,存在搭便车和外部性现象,均会造成市场失灵,需要政府加以规范。     

中国证券市场信息披露失真与监管研究

从实际证券市场操作中存在的虚假信息和内幕交易、投资者获取信息成本、社会历史原因、上市公司利益驱使和筹资需求等方面分析了证券市场信息不对称产生的原因；信息披露失真的表现形式；信息不对称对社会产生的逆向选择和道德风险问题。针对证券市场存在的信息披露失真问题，从完善法律监管体系、倡导信息透明、规范会计核算准则、发展市场金融工具、强化新闻媒体监督作用等方面提出完善证券市场信息披露和监管体系的措施。     

小议上市公司信息披露存在的问题、原因及对策

我国证券市场经过十多年的发展,上市公司已经逐步走上规范的公开披露信息的轨道。由于上市公司对外披露的相关信息是连接上市公司和证券市场的桥梁和纽带,所以上市公司信息的充分披露,有利于降低证券市场发行与交易过程中的信息不对称、节约交易成本,减少投资者错误的选择和决策,有利于创建证券市场稳定、公平的交易环境。     

对我国上市公司会计信息披露机制的思考

上市公司的会计信息披露的目的是保证所有相关的信息得到最公平的披露，减少证券市场的信息不对称，提高市场的运作透明度，保护股东的利益。上市公司应当完整、准确、及时地披露财务报表，以及对投资者的决策有重大意义的信息，确保公司所有股东都受到公平和同等的待遇。本文从我国上市公司信息披露的现状来分析研究如何进一步规范上市公司信息披露的机制。一、上市公司会计信息披露中存在的问题目前我国上市公司信息披露中主要存在以下两大类问题：信息披露的非主动性与信息披露的虚假性。（一）信息披露的非主动性。上市公司往往把会计信…     

信息不对称与中小企业融资困境

本文从信息不对称角度,通过建立三个模型探讨我国中小企业的融资困境,如由于信息不对称下的银行交易费用,交易费用不同情况下银行选择的变动,信息不对称下中小企业的金融缺口等。并提出建立与我国中小企业发展相适应的融资体系和信用担保体系、信用等级监督体系、规范信息披露制度等四条解决目前我国中小企业融资困境的建议。     

我国证券市场信息的不对称性及原因剖析

我国证券市场的信息不对称性，阻碍了证券市场的进一步发展。其原因主要是信息披露不主动、信息披露的随意性较大、信息披露虚假、管理层监管不力等。有鉴于此，应改革目前的会计信息披露制度体系，要求上市公司进行充分的信息披露，加快法律制度建设，以有效解决我国证券市场信息的不对称问题。     

信息披露质量、控股股东资金占用与审计师选择——来自深市A股上市公司的经验证据

资金侵占是控股股东利用控制权获取私人利益的重要表现形式,也是其解决资金缺乏的重要途径,普遍存在于信息不对称严重的公司。而有效的信息披露制度则会提高公司透明度,减轻信息不对称程度,保护中小投资者免受控股股东的掠夺。作为外部治理机制的审计是公司信息披露质量的重要保证,也能够缓解代理问题,对中小投资者起到保护作用。因此,本文选取深圳A股上市公司作为样本,研究信息披露质量、控股股东资金占用以及审计师选择之间的关系。实证结果发现,信息披露质量越高的公司会减少控股股东的资金占用并且倾向于选择高质量的审计师,高质量审计师也能够起到降低控股股东的资金占用的效果。这一研究结果对加强信息披露监管以及审计的治理效应有着重要的启示。     

Voluntary disclosure and information asymmetry in Denmark

This paper examines if the level of voluntary disclosure affects information asymmetry for industrial companies listed on the Copenhagen Stock Exchange. Economic theory suggests that disclosing more information should lower the information asymmetry component of a firm's cost of capital [Leuz, C., & Verrecchia, R. E. (2000)]. The results indicate that voluntary disclosure is negatively associated with proxies for information asymmetry. The results are robust even after controlling for various firm characteristics introduced in related literature. Despite differences in institutional settings the findings in our paper are similar to the ones based on US data.     

公司信息透明度的市场效应——来自中国A股市场的经验证据

目前在中国市场,信息披露质量是较数量更为有效的衡量公司信息透明度的方面。基于信息披露质量,我们分别以深交所上市公司考评中不及格和优秀等级的公司、沪深违规信忠披露公司及其配对公司作为两组研究样本,同时全面考察公司的信息透明度对投资者交易行为的影响以及相应的市场效应。两组样本检验结果一致表明,低透明度和严重的信息不对称是某些知情者诈取广大不知情的中小投资者利益的温床,并扭曲了资本市场的原有功能;从2001年至2004年,尽管公司信息透明度对大量中小投资者的股票选择没有显著影响,但其的确也帮助了投资者对所选择的股票进行定价。健全法律制度、培育理性投资者与信息中介、提高公司信息透明度,是促进市场有效的根本。     

信息不对称对中小企业融资决策的影响研究——以东莞市中小企业为例

本文以信息不对称理论所强调的代理成本和资本市场层次理论所强调的信息披露成本为理论出发点,以东莞中小企业为案例,研究表明,我国创业板市场建立的意义不在于它能够彻底地解决中小企业融资过程中的代理成本问题,而在于它使中小企业能够通过融资渠道的选择,降低其融资过程中的代理成本,并且通过衡量不同资本市场层级的融资收益与信息披露成本之间的差额,实现企业价值最大化。     

投资者关注与市场反应——来自中国证券交易所交易公开信息的自然实验

涨停的股票能否被交易公开信息披露取决于收益率排名中的随机因素,与股票的基本面特征无关。本文利用这一机制设计自然实验检验了投资者关注对股价的影响。实证结果显示交易公开信息披露使股票受到投资者更多的关注,增加了小额资金的净流入,减少了大额资金的净流入和股价的短期收益率,抑制了股价短期波动率,同时降低了股价在长期发生反转的可能性。频繁登上交易公开信息的知名营业部买入的股票受到更多关注,相应的市场反应也更加显著。进一步的研究表明监管性信息披露引发的投资者关注通过降低市场信息不对称抑制了股价反转。     

Information Asymmetry and Voluntary SFAS 157 Fair Value Disclosures by Bank Holding Companies During the 2007 Financial Crisis

We hand‐collect SFAS 157 voluntary fair value disclosures of 18 bank holding companies. The SEC's Division of Corporate Finance likely targeted these entities in 2008 through their “Dear CFO” letters in which they requested specific, additional disclosure items. We collect disclosures that match the SEC recommendations and create eight common factor disclosure variables to examine the effect of such disclosures on information asymmetry. We find that disclosure variables about the use of broker quotes or prices from pricing services and the use of market indices and illiquidity adjustments are related to lower information asymmetry. However, disclosure variables about valuation techniques and asset‐backed securities are related to greater information asymmetry. We also document that disclosure complexity, and disclosure tone (uncertainty and litigious) is related to greater information asymmetry. These findings are consistent with criticism that corporate disclosures are voluminous; management may obfuscate unfavorable information which in turn increases market participants’ assessment of uncertainty associated with the fair value measures. We caveat that the setting of the financial crisis and a small sample size may limit the ability to generalize these inferences to other time periods or other financial firms.     

The usefulness of firm risk disclosures under different firm riskiness,investor-interest,and market conditions: New evidence from Finland

To date, there is only meager research evidence on the usefulness of mandatory annual report risk disclosures to investors. Although it has been argued that corporate disclosure decreases information asymmetry between management and shareholders, we do not know whether investors benefit from high-quality risk reporting in a highly regulated risk disclosure environment. In this paper, we performed association tests to examine whether the quality of firms' mandatory risk disclosures relate to information asymmetry in the Finnish stock markets. In addition, we analyzed whether the usefulness of risk disclosures depends on contingency factors such as firm riskiness, investor interest, and market condition. We demonstrate that the quality of risk disclosure has a direct negative influence on information asymmetry. We also document that risk disclosures are more useful if they are provided by small firms, high tech firms, and firms with low analyst coverage. We also found that momentum in stock markets affects the relevance of firms' risk reports.     

Earnings Surprises in Analysts' Forecasts,Mandatory Disclosure,and Share Repurchases

This paper examines the impact of forecast errors and the mandatory disclosure of repurchase transactions required by 2003 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regulations on share repurchases. We define forecast errors as the difference between analysts' forecasted earnings and actual earnings. We argue that firms with positive forecast errors imply greater information asymmetry, which may induce them to signal through share repurchases. We show that both the repurchase target and analysts' forecast revision are positively related to forecast errors. Furthermore, these associations are more pronounced in the low disclosure period (1989–2003) where greater information asymmetry between managers and outside investors is found, while increased transparency in the high disclosure period (2004–2006) leads to more significant improvement in long‐term performances for firms with positive forecast errors. The results are consistent with our expectations that the information asymmetry implied in forecast errors, along with a shock change from the introduction of the 2003 SEC regulation, affect both corporate and analysts' behaviour.     

Auditing standards,increased accounting disclosure,and information asymmetry: Evidence from an emerging market

The interest in accounting disclosure and audit quality by academics, practitioners, and regulators heightened following the various financial reporting scandals, and subsequent legislative and professional response to these scandals. An important question is whether the implementation of stricter auditing standards such as those mandated by the US Sarbanes-Oxley Act would improve the information environment of firms whose shares are publicly traded. In this paper, I investigate the link between information asymmetry, measured by bid-ask spread, and increased accounting disclosures following the adoption of new auditing standards in China—an environment in which disclosure hitherto was relatively low. I report the following primary results of the statistical analyses. First, information asymmetry cost is substantial in the Chinese order-driven emerging markets. Second, the firms in the sample experienced significant reductions in their bid-ask spreads subsequent to the adoption of the new auditing standards. Third, the reductions in the bid-ask spreads were abrupt and permanent. However, no significant result is found for firms in the control group with foreign ownership, whose financial statements were prepared in accordance with international accounting standards and were audited with international auditing standards. The results have implications for policy makers and regulators in general, and those in emerging markets in particular.     

Information asymmetry and accounting disclosures for joint ventures

In September 1999, the Financial Accounting Foundation issued a special report recommending the use of the equity method supplemented with appropriate disclosures for corporate joint ventures in the United States. This study, using data for corporate joint ventures in Singapore, provides some preliminary evidence regarding the effect of the supplementary information disclosure on information asymmetry among market participants as measured by bid-ask spreads. The results show that the disclosure of supplementary information of joint ventures is associated with a significant decline in bid-ask spreads. The results also indicate that the decline in information asymmetry is larger when the investment in joint ventures is significant and that larger investing firms tend to have a smaller decline in information asymmetry compared to smaller investing firms. The implications of this study, that the provision of supplementary information about joint ventures could reduce information asymmetry among participants in equity markets, thus leveling the playing field among traders, could have implications for policymakers.     

上市银行信贷资产及信用风险信息披露分析

商业银行信贷资产及信用风险的充分披露是有效监管的基础.论文通过对我国风险披露制度演进和四家上市银行2000-2003年的信贷资产及信用风险披露情况的具体分析,揭示了信用风险披露制度存在的缺陷和四家上市银行在披露中存在的问题,最后提出简要的政策建议.