金融创新如何缓解信任品市场失灵?——中国食品安全责任强制保险的自然实验

信任品市场(如食品、医药等)存在的问题一直困扰着中国和世界很多国家。关于产品和服务质量的信息不对称(道德风险和逆向选择)会导致信任品市场失灵。缓解信任品市场失灵,一种常见的解决方案是政府监管;而经济学家认为更加基于市场的解决方案(例如强制责任保险等金融创新)可能更为有效。在理论上,强制责任保险有两种相反的效应:保险公司的监督减少了道德风险 vs. 保险加剧了企业的道德风险,但一直亟待实证检验。幸运的是,中国食品安全责任强制保险的改革实验走在了世界的前列。本文利用了中国在不同地区、不同时间推行的这个自然实验,通过双重差分的方法识别出责任保险对于信任品市场的因果效应。本文的研究发现,强制责任保险能显著降低食品安全事故发生概率。这表明政府强制推行的金融创新可以成为信任品市场失灵的一种有效的替代性解决方案。     

责任保险保险事故理论的反思与重建

受积极财产保险独大的理论背景的影响,传统的以损害事故说、请求说等为代表的责任保险保险事故学说均有不足之处。科学界定责任保险保险事故,首先应严格区分赔偿责任关系中受害第三者的损害及责任保险关系中被保险人的损害。被保险人期望以责任保险分散的除承担责任的风险外,还有应付纷争的风险,当被保险人受到第三者赔偿请求时,纵使该请求不当,对被保险人仍属不利益,保险人应履行协助抗辩的义务,在赔偿责任确定时,被保险人方享有保险金请求权。故以第三者请求为标志的被保险人不利益的发生,应构成责任保险的保险事故。     

论责任保险对第三人利益的保护

责任保险是一种特殊的财产保险,其特殊性主要表现在责任保险的保险标的是被保险人对第三人的民事损害赔偿责任.在发生保险事故时由保险人代替被保险人承担损害赔偿责任,从这个意义上说,责任保险具有保障受害第三人利益的功能,尤其是在被保险人赔偿不能时.从理论上认清责任保险的性质和功能,对于完善保险立法、推行有关责任保险制度有所裨益.     

责任保险道德风险防范问题研究

本文主要研究责任保险的道德风险防范问题。首先,介绍责任保险的道德风险是如何产生的,以及该类风险的特点;其次,对责任保险中道德风险的常见表现进行分析;第三,指出主要责任保险险种的道德风险防范中所存在的问题;在上述分析的基础上,最后提出了包括强调损失补偿原则、完善侵权方面相关法律政策、甄别第三方索赔者的类型、提高法庭判决的公平性、提高业务员综合素质以抑制承保风险、合理设计责任保险合同条款等有关建议。     

环境污染责任保险运营模式研究

环境污染责任保险具有转移分散风险、风险监控、社会管理等功能,是解决环境污染问题、实现建设“美丽中国”目标的重要途径。本文在分析我国环境污染责任保险发展窘境中外环境污染责任保险运营模式的基础上,发现“强制模式”有利于化解当前我国环境污染责任保险发展的尴尬局面,促进环境污染责任保险快速推广。     

论责任保险对第三人利益的保护

责任保险是一种特殊的财产保险,其特殊性主要表现在责任保险的保险标的是被保险人对第三人的民事损害赔偿责任。在发生保险事故时由保险人代替被保险人承担损害赔偿责任,从这个意义上说,责任保险具有保障受害第三人利益的功能,尤其是在被保险人赔偿不能时。从理论上认清责任保险的性质和功能,对于完善保险立法、推行有关责任保险制度有所裨益。     

董事高管责任保险与企业风险承担:理论路径与经验证据

董事高管责任保险对管理者财产风险存在"兜底"效应,有助于缓解管理者的风险规避等代理冲突,但同时也可能导致管理者自利成本降低从而诱发潜在的道德风险。为此,本文以2007-2013年中国A股上市公司为样本,考察了董事高管责任保险对企业风险承担的影响并对其作用机制进行了检验。研究发现,引入董事高管责任保险有助于增加企业风险承担;在控制了内生性等问题之后,该结论依然成立。对作用机制的分析表明,董事高管责任保险主要通过"激励效应"提升企业风险承担,而"道德风险效应"没有得到支持。本文是基于企业风险承担视角对董事高管责任保险的首次研究尝试,对于深入理解董事高管责任保险在资本市场中的作用角色具有重要意义。     

健康管理与商业健康保险道德风险防范

商业健康保险的道德风险商业健康保险是投保人与保险人双方在自愿的基础上订立合同,当出现合同中约定的保险事故,由保险人履行补偿责任的一种保险。包括疾病保险、医疗(费用)保险和收入保险三大类。商业保险的一个显著特征是其补偿性质,而大多数被保险人却疏忽了这一点,认为商业保险与社会保险一样,只要因健康问题发生诊疗费用就可以获得赔付。对商业保险的错误认识,无疑加大了引发道德风险的确可能性。所谓健康保险的道德风险,是指投保人、被保险人、受益人或其他有关人员以不实行为故意使风险事故发生,以致造成损失结果或扩大损失程度,从…     

责任保险的强制性与公益性关系的探讨

责任保险是一种以被保险人承担的法律责任作为标的的一种保险，责任保险具有自身独特特点。本文分析了责任保险的基本特征，对责任保险的强制性和公益性进行了分析，并探讨了两者之间的关系。本文认为具有社会公益性是强制责任保险确立的基础，而强制性则进一步巩固和完善了社会公益性。     

第三者保险金请求权类型化研究——以《保险法》第65条为中心

《保险法》第65条的规范功能在于区分不同类型的责任保险而分别赋予第三者不同类型的保险金请求权。根据第三者利益属性的强弱,责任保险可分为强制责任保险、利他责任保险和普通责任保险。在强制责任保险中,第三者可根据特别法的规定直接取得保险金请求权;在利他责任保险中,第三者可依照合同的约定取得保险金请求权,在保险事故发生之前,合同当事人可通过协议变更或撤销这一约定;在普通责任保险中,第三者仅在"被保险人应负的赔偿责任确定且被保险人怠于请求"时才能取得保险金请求权。这三类保险金请求权的设置是与责任保险第三人利益属性的强弱相匹配的。我国未来责任保险制度的建构应当进一步强化这三类责任保险的区分,并在此基础上完善第三者保险金请求权制度。     

Bayesian Premium Rating with Latent Structure

We propose a fully Bayesian approach to non-life risk premium rating, based on hierarchical models with latent variables for both claim frequency and claim size. Inference is based on the joint posterior distribution and is performed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Rather than plug-in point estimates of all unknown parameters, we take into account all sources of uncertainty simultaneously when the model is used to predict claims and estimate risk premiums. Several models are fitted to both a simulated dataset and a small portfolio regarding theft from cars. We show that interaction among latent variables can improve predictions significantly. We also investigate when interaction is not necessary. We compare our results with those obtained under a standard generalized linear model and show through numerical simulation that geographically located and spatially interacting latent variables can successfully compensate for missing covariates. However, when applied to the real portfolio data, the proposed models are not better than standard models due to the lack of spatial structure in the data.     

Disclosure of government financial information and the cost of local government’s debt financing——Empirical evidence from provincial investment bonds for urban construction

China’s slowing economic growth and rapid urbanization have made local government debt financing a significant issue.This study uses a sample of China’s provinc...     

Short-sale refinancing and price adjustment speed to bad news: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China

Short selling may accelerate stock price adjustment to negative news. However, the literature provides mixed evidence for this prediction. Using short-sale refinancing and a staggered difference-in-differences (DID) model, this paper explores the effect of short selling on stock price adjustment. Our results show that (1) short-sale refinancing improves the speed of stock price adjustment to negative news. This result holds after we control for endogeneity. (2) The positive relationship between short-sale refinancing and stock price adjustment speed is significant in subsamples of stocks with higher earnings management or lower accuracy of analyst forecasts, indicating that firms with more opaque information are more likely to be targeted by short sellers. In subsamples of stocks with a higher ownership concentration or lower ownership by institutional investors, short selling is more likely to increase the speed of stock price adjustment, indicating that ownership structure may influence negative news mining. (3) As short-sale refinancing exacerbates the absorption of bad news by stock prices, it increases crash risk. This study enriches the research on the economic consequences of short selling and provides empirical evidence supporting regulations on short selling in China.     

The deliberation around accounting techniques: accounting for depreciation and foreign exchange in an Indian jute company, 1870-1900

This paper examines the way two accounting techniques, namely depreciation and foreign exchange, were deliberated on, between 1870 and 1900, in an Indian jute company whose shareholders resided in the UK. The arena for these deliberations was the conflictual relationship between controlling and non-controlling shareholders as to how best to account for depreciation and foreign exchange especially when the particular accountings affected distributional issues such as the dividend decision. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and explain the processes by which a company's accounting practices emerge and develop as a contest between different interests. Accounting framed the parameters of the deliberations and provided the language of power and dissent. The paper uses a rich archive that includes narrative and accounting material.     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

【正】The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing ...     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note:     

The China puzzle: Opportunities for accounting research

How can China achieve phenomenal economic growth despite what is considered as 'weak' institutions in market-based economies? Xu(2011) provides a framework to u...     

Pricing Dynamic Insurance Risks Using the Principle of Equivalent Utility

We introduce an expected utility approach to price insurance risks in a dynamic financial market setting. The valuation method is based on comparing the maximal expected utility functions with and without incorporating the insurance product, as in the classical principle of equivalent utility. The pricing mechanism relies heavily on risk preferences and yields two reservation prices - one each for the underwriter and buyer of the contract. The framework is rather general and applies to a number of applications that we extensively analyze.     

Income smoothing and the cost of debt

The literature on income smoothing focuses on the effect of earnings smoothing on the equity market.This paper investigates the effect of income smoothing on th...