完善公允价值计量,防范金融风险

金融危机爆发后,公允价值准则饱受质疑,特别是金融界有关人士认为会计上公允价值计量,是引发金融危机的催化剂;会计信息失真、会计诚信缺失对金融危机的爆发起到了推波助澜的作用.事实上,金融危机是一个经济问题,而不是会计问题,公允价值只是把情况表现出来,市场波动的影响被公允价值准则所捕获,公允价值计量与金融危机之间具有相关性,但金融危机并不是由它而引起的.从本质上看,会计准则并不能给企业带来损失,它只是跟随市场,并非领导市场.     

公允价值会计：美国的经验与教训

公允价值会计能更好地反映经济环境，增加会计信息的相关性。然而，在有限理性的金融市场中，公允价值的广泛使用使会计信息已成为市场趋势的追随者，其独特的顺周期效应可能加剧市场趋势，使会计信息的负面作用愈加明显，增加了金融市场的系统性风险，加剧经济的周期性波动，并且正在改变金融机构的行为。在当前价格波动率上升的背景下，公允价值预测价值的功能正在减弱，而复杂定价模型的广泛使用使会计远离了可靠性原则。未来应进一步关注产生公允价值的过程，特别是在金融危机中，为降低其对市场的负面影响，为公允价值计量提供一些例外是非常必要的。     

公允价值会计：争议、改革与未来

公允价值会计是顺应市场经济发展的产物，它增加了会计信息的相关性。然而，在有限理性的金融市场中，公允价值的广泛使用使会计信息已成为市场趋势的追随者，其独特的顺周期效应可能加剧市场趋势，使会计信息的负面作用愈加明显，它增加了金融市场的系统性风险，加剧经济的周期性波动，并且正在改变金融机构的行为。公允价值计量仍然是会计发展的方向，但未来如果全面使用公允价值会计，市场可能面临更大的争议。     

公允价值对会计稳健性影响分析——以某上市公司为例

公允价值与会计稳健性一直都是会计界备受关注的两个问题,两者的产生都与不确定性紧密相关,但两者对不确定的反映却截然不同。通过分析公允价值对会计稳健性的影响,从而发现运用公允价值对我国资本市场上会计信息质量所发生的影响,便于公允价值在我国今后的应用和发展。本文运用会计学的会计信息质量特征等理论,分析找出二者在我国存在的主要问题,再结合对某上市公司的分析,找出公允价值发展兼顾稳健性的对策。     

投资性房地产公允价值计量的财务影响与决定因素:以北辰实业为例

以北辰实业为例,本文分析了企业在投资性房地产成本模式与公允价值计量模式之间选择的财务影响及其决定因素。与成本模式相比,投资性房地产公允价值计量将大幅提高其账面价值,加剧了企业当期净利润的波动。北辰实业在A股年报中采用成本模式,而在H股年报中采用公允价值计量,这主要源于以下因素:(1)香港会计准则与我国会计准则的差异;(2)两地监管机构对公允价值会计的态度不同;(3)两地投资性房地产信息披露的差异;(4)资本市场成熟度与投资者的理性程度的差异。最后我们总结了本案例对于企业选择公允价值计量模式、监管层推行公允价值会计与应对会计国际趋同三个方面的政策含义。     

会计稳健性对盈余价值相关性的影响研究——基于公允价值计量的视角

以2001～2008年我国A股上市公司为研究样本,基于公允价值计量全面引入的视角,考察了会计稳健性对盈余价值相关性的影响,实证发现:会计稳健性显著降低了会计盈余的价值相关性,而公允价值计量显著弱化了会计稳健性对于盈余价值相关性的负向影响.研究结果表明,对于我国上市公司而言,稳健的会计政策并不意味着高质量的财务报告信息.公允价值与会计稳健性适度藕合,可以弥补会计稳健性的不足,有利于提高会计信息质量.     

金融工具公允价值信息的价值相关性

本文以会计信息决策有用性的计量观为基础,通过实证方法对比分析了新企业会计准则实施前后,公允价值是否改进会计信息对公司股票市场价格的影响,以及金融工具的公允价值信息与历史成本对公司股票市场价格的影响;新准则实施后公允价值变动损益对公司的股票市场价值的影响。研究结果表明:在引入公允价值计量属性后,盈余信息和净资产账面价值对模型的整体解释能力有所提高;公允价值计量的金融工具具有显著的增量价值相关性和相对价值相关性,投资者在投资决策时已经开始考虑公允价值因素,金融工具公允价值信息具有价值相关性。     

投资性房地产公允价值计量的价值相关性研究

2007年执行新会计准则后,与2006年相比,我国上市公司对投资性房地产在运用公允价值后续计量的情况下,投资性房地产公司采用公允价值计量的房地产类、银行类整体公允价值变化额有积极的市场反应,与股票价值具有价值相关性,会计信息的决策有用性有所提高。其他类投资性房地产整体公允价值变化额未出现积极的市场反应。     

论公允价值与会计稳健性的融合

与历史成本相对应,公允价值作为一种新兴的计量属性,其引入有助于提高会计信息的价值相关性和决策有用性。但由于市场的不确定性,公允价值与会计信息的稳健性会产生冲突,所以,公允价值会计是学术界和实务界关注的热点问题。本文阐明了公允价值与会计稳健性的内涵,分析了两者之间的辩证关系,最后提出融合公允价值和稳健性的建议。     

浅析公允价值计量属性

为保持会计信息质量的有用性,各准则制定机构都把公允价值计量作为资产计价和盈余确定的主要计量模式。层出不穷的问题和阻力使公允价值计量成为当今世界财务会计的难题之一,全面应用公允价值已是大势所趋,同时对公允价值计量属性的研究将有助于解决知识经济下无形资产、人力资源会计、环境会计等新领域的会计计量问题。本文从公允价值计量的必要性入手,剖析了公允价值计量对会计信息质量的影响,并在此基础上提出了建立有效公允价值计量体系的几点建议。     

Value Relevance of Fair Values—Empirical Evidence of the Impact of Market Volatility

This study examines empirically the effects of market volatility on the value relevance of fair values. Using the modified Ohlson model ( 1995 ) and a sample of U.S. financial companies for the period of 2008 to 2013, this study shows that fair values are priced at a significant discount when market volatility is high. Song ( 2013 ) shows analytically that the effectiveness of fair value accounting is negatively affected by market volatility. Findings of the current study suggest that investors understand the effects of market volatility on fair values and price them accordingly. The study extends the research on the determinants of the usefulness of fair values by looking beyond factors associated with the reliability of estimated fair values (Level 2 and Level 3 fair values). This study has practical implications: current accounting standards for fair value measurement acknowledge the limitations of the market as a source of fair values by offering a three‐level fair value hierarchy with provisions for fair values to deviate from market prices. Findings of this study shed light on a previously little studied factor, that is, market volatility, on the usefulness of fair values.     

The effect of earnings quality and country-level institutions on the value relevance of earnings

This study investigates the relationship between the value relevance of earnings and earnings quality across countries. We find that there is a stronger relationship between earnings quality and the value relevance of earnings in countries with high investor protection than in countries with weak investor protection. We also find that the association between the value relevance of earnings and earnings quality is higher when a country’s information environment is less opaque. Overall, our study documents evidence on international differences in the ability of stock prices to capture useful accounting information, consistent with the notion that the returns-earnings association reflects not only the quality of accounting earnings but also the informativeness of stock prices.     

Value relevance of international accounting standards harmonization: Evidence from A- and B-share markets in China

Applying both the price-levels model and the lagged-price-deflated returns model, we investigated the incremental value relevance of the reconciliation of accounts from the Chinese Accounting Standards (CAS) to the International Accounting Standards (IAS) by those Chinese listed companies that have simultaneously issued A-shares and B-shares. In addition, we examined the usefulness of accounting numbers (earnings and book values) and their value relevance to the A- and B-share markets in China. The study finds that earnings and book values of owners’ equity determined under CAS are more relevant accounting information for the purpose of determining the prices of A- and B-shares. The CAS-based earnings changes were reflected in stock returns in the B-share market, while the CAS-based earnings were closely associated with stock returns in the A-share market. However, the study found that the reconciliation of earnings and book values from CAS to IAS basis is partially value-relevant, mainly to stock prices in the B-share market, while the earnings reconciliation is generally not value-added to stock returns in either the A- or the B-share market. The study results suggest that accounting numbers based on domestic accounting standards, in contrast to IAS, are more value-relevant in the Chinese stock market at present.     

Accounting diversity and firm valuation

We examine accounting numbers and stock prices across three countries: Germany, Norway, and the United Kingdom (UK). The accounting systems in the three countries differ in faithfulness to clean surplus accounting and in conservatism. We address three questions. First, are there systematic differences across countries in the value relevance of accounting? Second, are there systematic differences in the incremental and relative value relevance of book values and earnings per shape (EPS) across the countries? Third, do future earnings realizations (proxies for expected earnings) explain current stock prices? We find that accounting book value and EPS are significantly related to current stock prices across all three countries. German accounting numbers have the lowest relation with stock prices (R² ≈ 40%) and UK accounting numbers the highest (R² ≈ 70%), while Norwegian accounting numbers are in between (R² ≈ 60%). Second, the incremental and relative explanatory power of book value and of EPS differs across time and across countries. Book values explain more than earnings in Germany and Norway, but less in the UK. Finally, future income realization explain little about market prices not already explained by current book value and EPS.     

Volatility spillovers between oil prices and the stock market under structural breaks

This paper employs univariate and bivariate GARCH models to examine the volatility of oil prices and US stock market prices incorporating structural breaks using daily data from July 1, 1996 to June 30, 2013. We endogenously detect structural breaks using an iterated algorithm and incorporate this information in GARCH models to correctly estimate the volatility dynamics. We find no volatility spillover between oil prices and US stock market when structural breaks in variance are ignored in the model. However, after accounting for structural breaks in the model, we find strong volatility spillover between the two markets. We compute optimal portfolio weights and dynamic risk minimizing hedge ratios to highlight the significance of our empirical results which underscores the serious consequences of ignoring these structural breaks. Our findings are consistent with the notion of cross-market hedging and sharing of common information by financial market participants in these markets.     

上市公司财务报告目的评估价值相关性研究——来自A股市场的经验证据

公允价值在会计准则中的广泛运用引致了以财务报告为目的的评估业务需求。本文选取了2004~2008年上市公司为研究样本,检验了以财务报告为目的的资产评估总体价值相关性以及基于资产减值测试的评估价值的市场反应。研究结果表明,新会计准则实施后的价值相关性显著提高,而资产减值的计提受投资者的关注度则有所减弱。这说明以财务报告为目的的评估有效地提高了会计信息的质量和信息含量,并在一定程度上抑制了滥用公允价值进行盈余管理的行为。从长远来看,深化经济的市场化程度,努力构建一个完整、统一、开放、充分竞争的市场,实现评估界与会计审计界的良性互动,同时加强会计监管及行业自律并对滥用公允价值及虚假评估行为予以严惩,仍是未来一段时期的重中之重。     

The Intraday Relation between NYSE and CBOE Prices

I extend the literature regarding price discovery across stock and option markets through an empirical model that allows information to flow through an error‐correction term and volatility. NYSE prices tend to lead CBOE prices by at least thirty minutes over the entire six‐year sample period. In addition, informed trading in the options market is revealed more strongly through persistence in volatility and the spillover of volatility to the stock market than it is through returns.     

我国上市公司盈余管理对股价影响的实证分析

盈余管理在西方被称为“市场参与者的游戏”，近年来日益受到我国会计学界的关注。证券市场的迅速发展要求上市公司提供高质量的会计信息，由于盈余管理与会计信息质量关系密切，使得对上市公司盈余管理问题的研究成为投资者、债权人、政府主管部门以及会计准则制定机构关注的重点。另一方面，证券市场经验数据证明，股价的波动也同盈余管理密切相关，而利益相关者很可能利用盈余管理手段来影响股价从而获取利益。因此，加强我国上市公司盈余管理和股价相关性的研究，对提高上市公司会计信息质量和改善证券市场资源优化配置功能有着重要意义。本文运用实证分析方法，选取了竞争性强的家电行业和竞争性弱的石油行业的上市公司，从盈余管理度量着手，研究竞争性不同行业的上市公司盈余管理对股价的影响大小，并对投资者的行为提出相关建议。     

Detecting news in aggregate accounting earnings: implications for stock market valuation

How much news is there in aggregate accounting earnings? I provide evidence that earnings changes at the stock market level are correlated with new information about not only expected future cash flows but also discount rates. A comprehensive investigation of the link to discount rates reveals that aggregate earnings changes are tied to news about all components of the expected future stock market return, i.e., the real riskless rate, expected inflation, and the expected equity risk premium. Over the sample period studied, cash flow news and discount rate news in aggregate earnings changes covary positively and have offsetting impacts on stock market prices. As a result, stock market prices appear to be insensitive to aggregate earnings changes. The findings highlight the importance of separating cash flow news from discount rate news when evaluating the information content of accounting earnings at the stock market level. Overall, my study sheds new light on the informativeness and relevance of accounting earnings for valuation at the stock market level.