中国降杠杆的新思路

自2009年开始,中国杠杆率开始持续上升,这被认为是当前中国经济增长持续低迷的罪魁祸首。当前央行实行的紧缩信贷的去杠杆方式负面影响大,不能解决高杠杆的问题。本文通过分析中国杠杆率高企的内在原因,探求降杠杆的新思路。     

经济周期、信贷周期叠加贸易摩擦下的去杠杆路径

当前我国宏观杠杆率总体趋稳,去杠杆取得了一定成效,去杠杆的重点仍是地方政府和国企部门以及房地产、产能过剩领域。宏观杠杆率与促进经济增长之间存在着某种稳态关系,稳杠杆应着力于合理把控债务增速与GDP增速的关系。企业杠杆率的下降有赖于产权比率的降低、 ROE的提升和总负债增速的下降,通过提升创利水平来降杠杆是可取之道。信贷周期和金融周期均受经济周期波动影响,经济下行期叠加贸易摩擦背景下,宽泛的去杠杆会加大经济下行压力。去杠杆应注重杠杆资源优化配置,纠正杠杆错配,鼓励和支持好的合理的杠杆,降低落后的、过剩的、低效的杠杆,从而提高杠杆资源利用效率;去杠杆还应注重与监管周期协调,疏通货币政策传导机制,深化利率市场化改革,并发挥信贷政策导向作用,增强金融服务实体经济的意愿和效能。     

杠杆率结构、水平和金融稳定--理论分析框架和中国经验北大核心CSSCISSCI

在对宏微观杠杆率内涵及其关系进行分析的基础上,本文分别通过MM定理的微观视角和增长方式的宏观视角,对中国杠杆率的结构和水平的经济学机理及其与金融稳定的关系进行了分析。微观杠杆率与宏观杠杆率的差异,主要反映了资本收益率变化,与经济周期阶段密切相关。微观分析表明,信息和交易成本、税收负担和预算软约束激励机制等差异,与不同企业杠杆率的差异密切相关;宏观分析表明,高储蓄支撑的投资导向增长模式,决定了中国总体上较高水平的杠杆率。本文提出,一方面应合理把握去杠杆和经济结构转型的进程,避免过快压缩信贷和投资可能引发的流动性风险和"债务-通缩"风险,另一方面也要避免杠杆率上升过快而引发的资产泡沫。政府宜减少直接的资源配置。     

结构性去杠杆对中国宏观经济的影响——基于杠杆转移的视角北大核心CSSCI

本文通过构建TVP-VAR模型和DSGE模型,从杠杆转移的视角出发,对结构性去杠杆对中国宏观经济的影响及不同转杠杆政策之间的差异进行研究。研究结果表明:(1)紧缩国有企业信贷可以有效降低国有企业杠杆率,但也会导致经济下滑;(2)在紧缩国有企业信贷的同时,增加对民营企业的信贷,即杠杆转移,可以同时实现结构性去杠杆和稳增长;(3)从社会福利的角度来看,引导银行部门对国有企业和民营企业的风险预期比定向调整准备金率更优。     

家庭债务与居民消费：一个文献综述

近年来我国家庭杠杆率快速上升,家庭债务与居民消费关系引发热议,相关文献 反映出：（1）家庭适度负债能促进消费增长;（2）家庭杠杆率上升存在临界值;（3）快速加 杠杆是主要风险来源;（4）识别家庭债务异质性可以缓解信贷约束。目前我国家庭杠杆率依 然处于合理区间,但需重视快速加杠杆带来的风险隐患。为保持居民消费平稳增长,本文提出 从供给侧优化金融条件,从需求侧约束快速加杠杆行为,并发挥减税的收入调节作用等建议。     

分部门信贷对经济增长的门槛效应研究

杠杆率取决于信贷和GDP的相对增速,本文从增速这一"流量"视角考察分部门信贷对经济增长的作用,并以投资贡献率、人均消费增长、人均资本存量增长、贸易水平、工业化水平和非金融杠杆率为门槛变量,探究分部门信贷对经济增长作用的促进因素和抑制因素.研究发现信贷增速对经济增长具有促进作用,私人非金融信贷是顺周期的,政府部门信贷则具有逆周期特征.私人非金融信贷的促进因素是人均消费和人均资本存量的增长,政府部门信贷的促进因素是投资贡献率、人均消费增长和工业化水平,共同的抑制因素是非金融杠杆率.     

居民杠杆率能促进经济增长吗?——基于省级面板门槛模型的实证研究

本文基于我国30个省(市、自治区)的面板数据,使用面板门槛模型、面板多元线性回归模型对居民杠杆率与经济增长之间的关系进行实证研究,研究结果表明:居民杠杆率在促进经济增长的过程中存在门槛值,适当的居民杠杆率对经济增长具有促进作用,而过度的居民杠杆率将抑制经济增长;在促进作用中,相比经营杠杆率,消费杠杆率对经济增长的促进作用更为显著。结合实证分析结论,本文提出应当控制个别地区居民杠杆率水平过高,并采取相机抉择的住户部门信贷资源配给政策,适当将信贷资源向消费贷款倾斜,并提升金融服务实体经济能力,引导金融业适度发展。     

中国杠杆率问题怎么看、怎么办北大核心CSSCISSCI

去杠杆问题不仅是当前金融发展面临的重要挑战,也是供给侧改革的重点。对此,本文将着重分析中国杠杆率怎么看、怎么办、怎么干的问题。研究表明,虽然中国的全社会杠杆率并不是全球最高,但非政府部门杠杆率却位居世界前列,这是政府、学术界等部门如此关注杠杆率问题的根源。国际经验表明,发达国家通过政府加杠杆帮助个人、企业去杠杆是非政府部门去杠杆的主要做法。结合政府杠杆率空间的测算表明,中国政府杠杆率仍然处于较低水平,未来中国政府仍然有较大的加杠杆空间,非政府部门的去杠杆可以通过结构调整来得到缓解。     

实体经济杠杆率水平、结构与经济增长——基于跨国PVAR模型的实证研究

本文基于2000—2016年跨国面板数据,运用面板向量自回归模型(PVAR)等方法实证研究实体经济杠杆率水平(整体杠杆率)及其结构(包括居民、政府及非金融企业杠杆率)与经济增长之间的动态非线性关联性。研究发现,当前经济增长对未来实体经济整体杠杆率、居民杠杆率、政府杠杆率存在显著的负向影响,对非金融企业杠杆率的影响不显著,政府和非金融企业的杠杆率对经济增长的影响存在异质性和反转效应,居民杠杆率和实体经济整体杠杆率对经济增长的影响不显著。由此可见,通过政府负债刺激经济增长,短期内有效,中长期反而会阻碍经济增长;虽然非金融企业高杠杆率短期会阻碍经济增长,但中长期有利于经济增长。因此,为了经济可持续增长,现阶段应该实施稳健的"去杠杆"策略,保持合理的杠杆率水平。     

为什么国有企业是我国经济去杠杆的重中之重

本文从三个方面论述我国经济去杠杆的核心是国有企业。首先,杠杆率结构的国际比较表明,非金融企业是实体部门杠杆率快速上升的主因,而国有企业杠杆率过高则是非金融企业债务问题的关键;其次,国有企业高杠杆本质上是资产周转率大幅下降的体现;再次,实证结果显示,国有企业杠杆率高企已对投资产生"抑制效应",而非国有经济仍有较大的投资增长潜能。因此,国有企业是去杠杆改革的主要着力点。最后,本文系统性地提出降低国有企业杠杆率的政策措施。     

教育与资本怎样的前景怎样的现实

来自政府的声音: "动员各种社会资源,发展教育" 此次论坛上财政部长助理张少春的发言是最受关注的发言之一.他的演讲传达出的信息有这样几方面:第一,谈到现实,他认为全社会对教育的巨大需求与我国公共投入不足已成为我国教育事业发展的突出矛盾.近年来,以公共部门投入为主,多渠道筹措教育经费的教育投入机制成为解决这一问题的重要途径,也使得公共部门与私营部门在教育领域的合作日益密切.第二,谈到前景,他认为,1.中国经济持续、快速的增长对高技能人才产生巨大的需求,这为私营部门的参与提供了广阔空间.2.随着公共财政职能的不断完善,财政资金将在各项教育事业中重新进行分配,进一步优化财政支出结构,提高资金的使用效率.在"十一五"期间,我国将把公共支出的重点转移到农村.我们将逐步把全体农村适龄儿童的义务教育全部纳入公共财政体制.     

Debt and Taxes and Uncertainty

With a graduated personal tax schedule, Miller showed that there could be an equilibrium debt supply for the corporate sector as a whole. In the presence of uncertainty there is also a unique debt/equity ratio for each individual firm, and this ratio is related to the firm's operational risk characteristics. However, if firms merge and spin off in response to tax incentives, the identity of firms is ambiguous and only the corporate sector is a meaningful construct. These arguments are developed in both discrete and continuous models that employ extensions of the arbitrage-free pricing theory.     

East and west and north and south : A preliminary model

The Brandt report and other proposals for a new North-South world order continue to be the focus of lively debate, yet it is often argued that little concrete has emerged from their recommendations. A major reason for this, the author argues, is that the East-West conflict component is not sufficiently taken into consideration-East-West tensions are a severe constraint on and a determining factor of North-South relations. Using influence diagrams, the author develops a flexible framework for discussion and assessment of N/S-E/W relations.     

Director gender and mergers and acquisitions

Does director gender influence CEO empire building? Does it affect the bid premium paid for target firms? Less overconfident female directors less overestimate merger gains. As a result, firms with female directors are less likely to make acquisitions and if they do, pay lower bid premia. Using acquisition bids by S&P 1500 companies during 1997–2009 we find that each additional female director is associated with 7.6% fewer bids, and each additional female director on a bidder board reduces the bid premium paid by 15.4%. Our findings support the notion that female directors help create shareholder value through their influence on acquisition decisions. We also discuss other possible interpretations of our findings.     

Political corruption and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between political corruption and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that local corruption increases firm acquisitiveness but decreases firm targetiveness. The levels of corruption in acquirer areas relate positively to the bid premiums and negatively to the likelihood of deal completion. Corruption motivates acquiring firms to use excess cash for payment, which mitigates the negative effect of corruption on acquirer shareholder value. The evidence indicates that acquisitions help acquiring firms convert cash into hard-to-extract assets and relocate assets from the high to low corruption areas, thereby shielding their liquid assets from expropriation by local officials.     

Tournament-based incentives and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between tournament-based incentives, which are proxied by the difference between a firm's CEO pay and the median pay of the senior managers, and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that tournament-based incentives are positively related to firm acquisitiveness and acquiring firms' stock and operating performance. Further analysis indicates that positive acquisition performance increases the likelihood of the CEO being promoted from inside the acquiring firm. Our evidence is consistent with the view that tournament-based incentives motivate acquiring firms' managers to make greater efforts and take more risk that result in superior acquisition performance.     

Corporate Innovations and Mergers and Acquisitions

Using a large and unique patent‐merger data set over the period 1984 to 2006, we show that companies with large patent portfolios and low R&D expenses are acquirers, while companies with high R&D expenses and slow growth in patent output are targets. Further, technological overlap between firm pairs has a positive effect on transaction incidence, and this effect is reduced for firm pairs that overlap in product markets. We also show that acquirers with prior technological linkage to their target firms produce more patents afterwards. We conclude that synergies obtained from combining innovation capabilities are important drivers of acquisitions.