论开放经济外资银行监管及其借鉴

在中国入世后银行业的对外开放加速过程中,国内面临对中资银行与对外资银行的监管问题。在主体地位的平等与对外资银行监管原则、监管方法的适用等方面,矛盾突出。为此,需要借鉴国际上一些开放经济体对外资银行监管的经验模式,来解决银行业对外开放中外资银行监管问题。在措施上,需要全面地调整、改进国内银行监管原则、监管模式与监管手段,其中重点在于对外资银行监管的完善。从总体上说,需要在基本保障外资银行国民待遇的基础上,坚持审慎监管原则,发展完备的监管技术标准与手段,并促进国际间的监管合作。在中国入世后银行业的对外开放加速过程中,国内面临对中资银行与对外资银行的监管问题。在主体地位的平等与对外资银行监管原则、监管方法的适用等方面,矛盾突出。为此,需要借鉴国际上一些开放经济体对外资银行监管的经验模式,来解决银行业对外开放中外资银行监管问题。在措施上,需要全面地调整、改进国内银行监管原则、监管模式与监管手段,其中重点在于对外资银行监管的完善。从总体上说,需要在基本保障外资银行国民待遇的基础上,坚持审慎监管原则,发展完备的监管技术标准与手段,并促进国际间的监管合作。     

外国银行机构进入及其威胁

中国银行业全方位对外开放日益临近,外资银行在华发展已进入加速阶段。外资银行机构的大举挺进,势必对中资银行的生存发展构成现实威胁,而包括发达市场经济国家在内的世界许多国家对外国银行的进入都有相应的限制性措施。基于此,我国银行业对内开放不仅迫在眉睫,而且银行业对外开放中的自我保护同样势在必行。     

外资入股中资银行的负面影响及监管对策

随着我国银行业市场的进一步开放,越来越多的外资金融机构将入股中资银行。外资金融机构入股中资银行虽然展示出“双赢”的前景,但仍然存在一些问题值得我国监管当局和国内银行业高度关注。本文针对外资参股中资银行可能引发的问题,提出加强和完善监管的建议。     

外国银行机构大举进入及其影响分析

当前,中国银行业全方位对外开放“大限”日益临近,外资银行在华发展进入加速阶段。事实上,外资银行机构的大举挺进,已经对中资银行生存与发展构成现实威胁,而包括发达市场经济国家在内的世界许多国家对外国银行的准入都采取了相应的限制性措施。基于此,我国银行业对内开放迫在眉睫,而对外开放中的银行业自我保护同样势在必行。     

外国银行机构大举进入及其影响分析

当前,中国银行业全方位对外开放"大限"日益临近,外资银行在华发展进入加速阶段.事实上,外资银行机构的大举挺进,已经对中资银行生存与发展构成现实威胁,而包括发达市场经济国家在内的世界许多国家对外国银行的准入都采取了相应的限制性措施.基于此,我国银行业对内开放迫在眉睫,而对外开放中的银行业自我保护同样势在必行.     

外资入股中资商业银行的法律监管

目前,我国对外资银行的市场准入监管,以新设投资监管为主,而外资参股方式的准入监管却相当薄弱。本文从外资入股中资商业银行的动因分析入手,指出现阶段对外资入股中资银行进行法律监管的必要性。然后,对外资参股的立法现状及其问题进行了深入探讨,主要围绕银监会颁布的《境外金融机构投资入股中资金融机构管理办法》展开评析,重点剖析了外资入股比例、股权转让价格、对被参股银行的监管以及机构混业监管方面所存在问题和隐患,并在此基础上提出了完善相应法律监管的若干建议和措施,即严格限定外资入股比例,进一步细化外资入股的程序规则;合理确定入股价格,健全信息披露制度。     

外资入股中资商业银行的法律监管

目前，我国对外资银行的市场准入监管，以新设投资监管为主，而外资参股方式的准入监管却相当薄弱。本文从外资入股中资商业银行的动因分析入手，指出现阶段对外资入股中资银行进行法律监管的必要性。然后，对外资参股的立法现状及其问题进行了深入探讨，主要围绕银监会颁布的《境外金融机构投资入股中资金融机构管理办法》展开评析，重点剖析了外资入股比例、股权转让价格、对被参股银行的监管以及机构混业监管方面所存在问题和隐患，并在此基础上提出了完善相应法律监管的若干建议和措施，即严格限定外资入股比例，进一步细化外资入股的程序规则；合理确定入股价格，健全信息披露制度。     

外资银行进入影响中资银行经营绩效的实证分析

本文基于我国银行业具有代表性的14家银行1996～2007年的面板数据,就外资银行进入对中资银行经营绩效的影响进行实证研究。实证结果表明:外资银行入股对中资银行经营绩效的影响还不明显;外资银行的资产份额对我国银行的绩效影响显著。     

农行贷记卡营销探析

2006年12月11日，根据WTO协议，我国银行业将全面对外资开放。2006年8月银监会向部分外资银行下发《外资银行管理条例》征求意见稿，新规定主要包括两方面的内容：一、中国银行业对外资年底全面放开之后，完成转制的外资法人银行将可以全面从事人民币业务，而没有转制的外国银行分行则只能吸收中国居民个人100万元以上的定期存款：二、准许完成转制的外资法人银行在中国发行银行卡，而不具备此资格的外国银行，不能在中国发行银行卡。目前在中国设立分支机构并获准经营中资企业人民币业务的外资银行分行共有103家，在我国设有法人机构的只有14家，其中只有7家外资法人银行获准经营人民币业务。因此，从短期看，开放后外资对我国银行业的影响并非如我们想象的那样严重，但我们必须意识到国家在政策上充分利用WTO游戏规则，在不违反规则的前提下给我国银行业提供宝贵的时间来改善我们的业务结构和增强我们的竞争力；从长期看，我国的银行业必然全面对外开放，中外资银行必然站在同一起跑线上。     

外资银行对中资银行经营绩效影响的实证分析

本文基于我国银行业具有代表性的14家银行1996-2007年的面板数据,就外资银行进入对中资银行经营绩效的影响进行了定量实证研究。实证结果表明:外资银行入股对中资银行经营绩效的影响还不明显;外资银行的资产份额对我国银行的绩效影响显著。     

银行监管和股东属性对银行风险的影响——基于新兴经济体的监管数据分析

银行监管按世界银行的标准划分为总体监管和12类分项监管;银行大股东属性包括政府类、金融企业类、外资类等.总体监管可以有效地降低银行风险;大股东为工业类、金融类企业的银行能够更好地控制风险,而家族类银行的风险程度较高;通过对分项监管进行研究可以发现,加强对所有权、资本要求、经营活动限制、外部审计要求、流动性、存款保险制度、退出及监管效率八个方面的监管可降低银行总体风险,而加强准入、内部管理、资产分类配置、信息披露这四类监管反而会增加银行总体风险.     

银行业全面开放下外资银行的监管:近代中国的经验及启示

近代中国被动开放银行业,政府无力尽监管之责,外资银行一旦经营失败给国家和人民带来巨大损失.而现在银行业全面开放是我国的自主选择,在借鉴历史经验的基础上,对外资银行的监管要有全面和清醒的认识.全面开放并不是放任,监管也不意味着制约,要在开放中不断完善对外资银行的监管.     

Bank globalization and efficiency: Host- and home-country effects

Analyzing 126 countries for 1995–2013, we investigate the link between bank globalization and efficiency from the perspective of both host and home countries. We find strong and consistent evidence that foreign bank entry is associated with lower efficiency in host countries (host-country effect), while foreign expansion in the banking sector improves the efficiency of banks at home (home-country effect). We further observe that the effect of bank globalization is dependent on the regulatory and institutional regimes of the respective host (home) countries. Specifically, stringent activity restrictions, tight supervision, fewer limitations on foreign banks, lower market entry barriers, and less government interference all help mitigate the efficiency loss from foreign bank entry. Less supervision power, multiple supervisors, more restrictions on foreign banks, and a competitive banking market are all conducive to the higher efficiency gain of incumbent domestic banks from the respective country’s outward investments in the banking sector. Moreover, we find that the adverse impact on efficiency from foreign bank presence is less pronounced for less risky, more profitable, and larger banks, while banks that are more efficient, more profitable, taking on more risk, and/or smaller gain more efficiency from their country’s foreign expansion.     

外资银行渗透对中国银行业体系稳定性的影响——基于阶段理论与演化理论的实证研究

基于阶段理论分析方法,本文从演化和发展的角度研究外资银行渗透对于中国银行业体系稳定性的影响,并选取1999～2008年数据进行实证研究。研究发现,中国银行业在开放的过程中,伴随外资银行渗透,银行体系稳定性的演化过程也可粗略地看出倒U形态,与阶段性理论基本相吻合。此外,在危机期间,外资银行在中国采取的微观战略也是影响中国银行业体系稳定性的重要因素。     

Are foreign banks more profitable than domestic banks? Home- and host-country effects of banking market structure, governance, and supervision

Using both bank- and country-level data on banking sectors from 70 countries over the period 1992-2006, this paper empirically investigates the joint home- and host-country effects of banking market structure, macroeconomic condition, governance, and changes in bank supervision on foreign bank margins. We find that foreign banks are more profitable than domestic banks when they operate in a host country whose banking sector is less competitive and when the parent bank in the home country is highly profitable. Moreover, when foreign banks operate in a host country with lower growth rates of GDP, higher interest and inflation rates, and more stringent regulatory compliance with Basel risk weights, their margins increase. Specifically, changes in bank supervision of a parent bank’s ownership restrictiveness in the home country significantly increases foreign bank margins, while supervisory changes in regulatory compliance with Basel risk weights in the host country enhances foreign bank margins.     

European Banking Integration: Don’t Put the Cart before the Horse

This paper reviews the progress in European banking integration over the last twenty years, and evaluates the current system of banking supervision and deposit insurance based on ‘home country’ control. The public policy implications to draw from the paper are threefold: First, after a relatively slow start, European banking integration is gaining momentum, in terms of cross‐border flows, market share of foreign banks in several domestic markets, and cross‐border M&As of significant size. If this trend continues, the issue of adequate supervision and safety nets in an integrated European banking market will become even more pressing. Second, although until recently banks have relied mostly on subsidiary structures to go cross‐border, this is changing with the recent creation of the European company statute, which facilitates cross‐border branch banking. A review of the case of the Scandinavian bank, Nordea Bank AB, helps to understand some remaining barriers to integration, and the supervisory issues raised by branch banking. Third, it is argued that the principle of ‘home country’ supervision is unlikely to be adequate in the future for large international banks. Because the closure of an international bank would be likely to have cross‐border spillovers, and because some small European countries might be unable to finance the bail‐out of their very large banks, centralization, or at least Europe‐wide coordination, of the decision to close or bail‐out international banks is needed. This raises the issue of European funding of bail‐out costs, European banking supervision, and European deposit insurance.     

Banking risk and regulation: Does one size fit all?

Using data for more than 200 banks from 21 OECD countries for the period 2002–2008, we examine the impact of bank regulation and supervision on banking risk using quantile regressions. In contrast to most previous research, we find that banking regulation and supervision has an effect on the risks of high-risk banks. However, most measures for bank regulation and supervision do not have a significant effect on low-risk banks. As banking risk and bank regulation and supervision are multi-faceted concepts, our measures for both concepts are constructed using factor analysis.     

对外开放是否导致银行业的风险上升？——基于外资持股比例与海外资产占比的实证检验

对外开放是否导致商业银行的风险上升,以往学者的研究结论并不统一。本文基于中国392家商业银行的微观数据,检验了“引进来”(用外资持股比例作为替代指标)与“走出去”(用海外资产占比作为替代指标)对商业银行风险承担行为的影响。结果显示,对外开放与商业银行的风险之间呈现非线性曲线特征并存在临界点;对中小型商业银行而言,过高的外资持股比例与过低的境外投资规模会带来风险;对大型商业银行而言,境外投资规模存在一个阈值区间,在阈值区间内,可能导致银行风险上升。政策建议是:外资参股中小型商业银行的比例可能不宜过高,鼓励中小型商业银行加大境外投资力度,大型商业银行可以根据特定时期的目标来调整对外开放策略,同时应强化风险预警与防范手段,在坚持与扩大银行业对外开放的背景下,实施宏观审慎原则,维护我国金融体系的整体稳定。     

外资银行进入能够促进企业创新吗？——基于跨国的经验证据

基于1995-2015年28个国家(地区)的8453家制造业上市公司数据,本文实证检验了外资银行进入对以研发投入度量的企业创新的影响。研究表明,外资银行进入能够显著提高东道国企业的研发投入。一系列稳健性检验结果表明上述结论依然成立。进一步研究发现,外资银行进入对企业创新的边际促进作用在金融发展水平较低、政府干预较多以及法治环境较差的国家(地区)中更加显著。本文从跨国视角考察了外资银行进入对东道国企业创新的影响,为理解外资银行进入与经济增长之间的关系提供来自企业创新活动层面的新经验证据,也为中国等发展中国家加快银行业对外开放提供可供借鉴的理论依据。     

The economic effects of foreign bank presence: Evidence from the Philippines

This study examines the economic effects of the liberalization of foreign bank entry in the Philippines from 1990 to 2006. The findings provide strong evidence on the dominance of competition effects from foreign bank presence which lead to the reduction in the profitability and overhead costs of domestic commercial banks. These findings, which reveal that both the actual market penetration and mere presence of foreign banks seem to exert competitive pressure to domestic banks, imply that foreign banks may serve as an effective competitive force, reducing the excess profits earned by domestic banks and compelling domestic banks to update their production technologies and techniques to improve their cost efficiency.From a policy perspective, the findings on competition effects of foreign banks in the domestic banking system justify the liberalization of foreign bank entry in the Philippines. The main findings demonstrate that the goal of banking liberalization in transforming domestic banks to be more competitive and efficient works considerably well in the case of the Philippines. Aside from the policy of easing the entry of foreign banks, bank-specific conditions can have significant impact on the performance of domestic banks. Therefore, a sustained improvement in the efficiency of domestic commercial banks requires not only liberalizing the entry of foreign banks, but also on continued strengthening of domestic prudential regulation and supervision on the commercial banking system.