中韩工业制成品的贸易竞争关系分析

作为当今全球最重要的双边经贸关系之一,中韩贸易发展迅速,两国已互为重要的贸易伙伴。利用贸易竞争力指数、产业内贸易指数、GHM指数对中韩工业制成品的贸易竞争关系进行实证分析,结果显示：中韩双边工业制成品以产业间贸易为主,产业内贸易为辅;劳动密集型制成品、技术和资本密集型制成品以产业间贸易和低质量垂直型产业内贸易为主。两国的制成品贸易互补性强,中国相对处于产业分工的低端。为提升中国制成品的贸易竞争力,应采取加强技术自主研发、完善双边贸易合作机制、加快产业结构调整等措施。     

U.S. real exchange rate fluctuations and relative price fluctuations

Traditional theory attributes fluctuations in real exchange rates to changes in the relative price of nontraded goods. This paper studies the relation between the United States’ bilateral real exchange rate and the associated bilateral relative price of nontraded goods for five of its most important trade relationships. We find that this relation depends crucially on the choice of price series used to measure relative prices and on the choice of trade partner. The relation is stronger when we measure relative prices using producer prices rather than consumer prices. The relation is stronger the more important is the trade relationship between the United States and a trade partner. Even in cases where there is a strong relation between the real exchange rate and the relative price of nontraded goods, however, a large fraction of real exchange rate fluctuations is due to deviations from the law of one price for traded goods.     

Real Exchange Rates and Fundamentals: A Cross‐Country Perspective

This paper employs newly constructed measures for productivity differentials, external imbalances, and commodity terms of trade to estimate a panel cointegrating relationship between real exchange rates and a set of fundamentals for a sample of 48 industrial countries and emerging markets. It finds evidence of a strong positive relation between the consumer price index‐based real exchange rate and commodity terms of trade. The estimated impact of productivity growth differentials between traded and nontraded goods, while statistically significant, is small. Increases in net foreign assets, government consumption, and trade restrictions tend to be associated with appreciating real exchange rates.     

Business cycles with staggered prices and international trade in intermediate inputs

International trade in intermediate inputs and, increasingly, in goods produced at multiple stages of processing has been widely studied in the real trade literature. We assess the role of this feature of modern world trade in accounting for some stylized facts about international business cycles. Our model with staggered prices and trade in intermediates across four stages of processing does well in explaining the observed international correlations in aggregate quantities, and it performs much better than a single-stage model with no trade in intermediates. The model in itself does not provide a full account of the cyclical behavior of the real exchange rate, but, compared to the single-stage model, it moves in the right direction.     

The optimal currency basket under vertical trade

This paper explores the theory of optimal currency basket in a small open economy general equilibrium model with sticky prices. In contrast to existing literature, we focus on an economy with vertical trade, where the currencies in the basket may play different roles in invoicing trade flow. In a simple two-currency basket, one currency is used to invoice imported intermediate goods and is called “import currency”, while the other currency is used to invoice exported finished goods and is called “export currency”. We find that the optimal weights of the import currency and the export currency depends critically on the structure of vertical trade. Moreover, if a country decides to choose a single-currency peg, the choice of pegging currency also depends on how other competing economies respond to external exchange rate fluctuations.     

Structural Changes in China’s Import Market: A Comparison with Korea’s Exports to China

The article examines the structural changes of China’s import market for domestic demand and the corresponding structural changes of Korea’s exports to China for Chinese domestic demand. Using 8-digit HS code data covering the period 2006–2014 and analyzing the processing steps as well as by industry, this study reveals that while the share of ordinary trade in total China’s imports has increased rapidly, the share of processing trade has decreased continuously since the mid-2000s. The article also shows that Korea’s exports to China is still processing trade-oriented. The slowdown of Korea’s exports to China is because of the concentration on processing trade, intermediate goods, electronics and chemistry.     

双边出口全球价值链实际有效汇率弹性理论测度及解析

近年来,汇率与出口弱相关现象引起理论界和实务界的广泛关注。本文通过考虑全球价值链带来的供给侧联系和第三国汇率效应,使用双边出口全球价值链实际有效汇率弹性指标对双边层面的相对价格竞争力与出口关系作出新的测度和结构贡献度分解。研究发现,对相对价格竞争力与出口关系修正后测度的双边出口全球价值链实际有效汇率弹性值显著为负。出口对修正的汇率变动依旧富有弹性。“汇率对出口影响弱化”并没有传统实际有效汇率和双边汇率表现的那么严重,更没有出现“贬值抑制出口”等不符合理论预期的反常情况。双边出口全球价值链实际有效汇率弹性结构分解贡献度结果显示,伴随我国在全球价值链中参与度和地位的提升,中国对主要贸易伙伴出口中由相对价格变动引起中间产品结构变动对总弹性的贡献度不断提升。     

人民币汇率与中国-东盟经济体贸易的实证研究

本文对人民币汇率与中国-东盟经济体贸易关系进行实证研究。研究发现人民币汇率与中国-东盟经济体贸易存在协整关系,在出口方面,实际汇率升值对出口的正向作用比名义汇率的要大;在进口中,实际汇率对进口的影响比名义汇率的要小。中国-东盟经济体出口贸易对人民币汇率的响应存在＂奇异J曲线＂效应。政策建议是：全面考虑人民币汇率篮子中各种货币的权重问题,提高对东盟经济体地位的重视,同时要关注中国与东盟贸易中的物价因素。     

汇率波动与国际收支及宏观经济关系研究

在当前中美贸易摩擦的国际新形势和人民币汇率双向波动增强背景下,研究并评估汇率波动与国际收支平衡、跨境资金流动之间的相互关系及其对国内宏观经济的影响具有重要意义。本文选择日本、韩国、巴西、中国作为研究样本,通过实证研究分析各国货币汇率波动与国际收支状况、跨境资金流动之间的相互联系,并以此评估汇率波动对我国实体经济变量的影响,为我国继续完善汇率市场化改革与跨境资金宏观审慎管理提出政策建议。     

解析人民币实际汇率的决定机制——基于巴拉萨-萨缪尔森效应的理论分析

中国经济高速增长的背景同人民币实际汇率持续贬值的现实构成了实际汇率理论中的一对尖锐矛盾,明显违背基于供给角度的巴拉萨-萨缪尔森效应。本文所设定的实际汇率传导模型表明,该效应仅在人民币实际汇率的内部传导环节成立,无法在外部环节得以显现。通过对模型约束条件的修正,本文分析了形成这一现象的原因。     

Effective protection and exchange-rate determination

Considerable research interest has entered on the implications for exchange-rate determination of fluctuations in intermediate goods prices ang changes in tariff protection. This paper draws together the strands of this literature by examining the role of effective protection in exchange rate determination. A disaggregated portfolio balance model of the open economy is used to analyze the determination of real and nominal exchange rates in the presence of rational expectations. Additionally, it is used to explore the implications for resource allocation of changes in the effective rate of protection in a country capable of influencing its terms of trade.     

浅析吉林省边境对朝口岸区域人民币与朝币汇率差异情况及影响

近年来,随着中朝两国贸易关系不断发展,边境贸易中用人民币计价和使用人民币现钞结算已占相当比例,人民币在与我省毗邻的朝鲜边境地区得到了较为广泛的使用,并形成了与当地市场相适应的汇率情况。因吉林省与朝鲜的国境线较长,口岸较多,出现了朝方不同口岸地区的人民币汇率差异巨大的现象,而这种差异是否会对两国边贸的定价及人民币跨境流通结算产生影响。     

基于CMS模型视角的中韩工业制成品贸易增长分析

在中国加入WTO之后,中韩工业制成品双边贸易发展迅速。以UNComtrade数据为基础,利用CMS模型考察在1996～2001年、2002～2009年两个时期内推动中韩工业制成品贸易增长的因素。结果显示:从总体上看,导致中韩工业制成品双边贸易增长的因素是一致的,即进口国进口需求的增加、产品出口竞争力的提高以及进口需求结构与出口产品结构互补性的增强。但对于不同的工业制成品来说,推动中韩贸易增长的因素略有差异。     

浅析虚假贸易融资对实体经济外贸的影响及对策

虚假贸易融资,又称无真实交易背景的贸易融资,突出表现为套利者以虚构货物贸易为基础,利用境内银行担保获得境外融资,并借助货物贸易渠道调回境内结汇,达到套取非法收益、骗取补贴等目的。     

On the sensitivity of the volume and volatility of bilateral trade flows to exchange rate uncertainty

We present an empirical investigation of the hypotheses that exchange rate uncertainty may have an impact on both the volume and variability of trade flows by considering a broad set of industrial countries' bilateral real trade flows over the period 1980–1998. Similar to the findings of earlier theoretical and empirical research, our first set of results shows that the impact of exchange rate uncertainty on trade flows is indeterminate. Our second set of results provides new and novel findings that exchange rate uncertainty has a consistent positive and significant effect on the volatility of bilateral trade flows, helping us better understand macroeconomic volatility.     

Exchange Rate Pass‐Through,Domestic Competition,and Inflation: Evidence from the 2005–08 Revaluation of the Renminbi

Import competition from China is pervasive in the sense that for many good categories, the competitive environment that U.S. firms face in these markets is strongly driven by the prices of Chinese imports, and so is their pricing decision. This paper quantifies the effect of the government‐controlled appreciation of the Chinese renminbi vis‐à‐vis the USD from 2005 to 2008 on the prices charged by U.S. domestic producers. In a panel spanning the period from 1994 to 2010 and including up to 519 manufacturing sectors, import price changes of Chinese goods pass into U.S. producer prices at an average rate of 0.7, while import price changes that can be traced back to exchange rate movements of other trade partners only have mild effects on U.S. prices. Further analysis points to the importance of trade integration, variable markups, and demand complementarities on the one side, and to the importance of imported intermediate goods on the other side as drivers of these patterns. Simulations incorporating these microeconomic findings reveal that a substantial revaluation of the renminbi would result in a pronounced increase in aggregate U.S. producer price inflation.     

人民币汇率重要吗?——中美双边贸易影响因素的实证分析

人民币汇率在中美贸易不平衡的讨论中常常被作为攻讦对象。本文运用1995-2009年月度数据,基于贸易引力模型,通过经典的时间序列分析工具研究了人民币汇率及其它相关因素对中美双边贸易在长期和短期的影响。本文发现:相对于中美两国的实体经济而言,人民币汇率升值的影响很小;人民币汇率对中美贸易的影响符合"J曲线效应"。另外,加入WTO对于中国向美国的出口具有显著的促进作用,而对中国从美国进口的影响不显著。     

贸易收支改善的汇率弹性条件与ML条件——兼论人民币汇率传递的贸易收支效应

如果汇率变动不传递给进出口价格,即使马歇尔-勒纳条件成立,汇率变动也不能影响进出口。本文通过将汇率变动对净出口的影响分解为汇率的价格效应和数量效应,在此基础上论证了汇率传递与马歇尔-勒纳条件的关系,重新构造了贸易收支改善的汇率弹性条件。然后用中国2005-2009年分类商品的月度面板数据估计了人民币名义汇率变动对中国各类商品进出口的价格效应、数量效应和贸易收支效应,以便理解近期人民币汇率升值影响中国贸易顺差持续扩大的过程和机制。     

中国与六大贸易伙伴的汇率研究

当前,全球金融海啸重创了西方发达国家的金融系统乃至实体经济,中国对外贸易也难免受到波及。另一方面,2005年7月人民币汇率制度改革后,中国的贸易顺差和外汇储备仍在不断增加,"汇率操纵"之说引起的贸易争端持续不断。因此,我们有必要研究中国与主要贸易伙伴的汇率,以解决"汇率操纵"之说引起的贸易纠纷,以保证中国对外贸易在全球金融危机中健康发展。本文研究了2005年7月汇改后中国与六大贸易伙伴的汇率,认为人民币汇率的水平总体合理,但仍需对不同贸易伙伴的汇率进行调整。此外,本文对中国的外贸政策、汇率政策和货币政策进行了分析,并提出了相关政策建议。     

A fundamental theory of exchange rates and direct currency trades

In this paper we construct a two-country search model to determine the nominal exchange rate between two fiat monies. Our model allows agents to use any currency to trade for goods in all countries. However, search frictions restrict agents’ opportunities for instantaneous arbitrage, and hence make the nominal exchange rate determinate. The nominal exchange rate depends on the two countries’ economic fundamentals, including the stocks and growth rates of the two monies. Direct exchanges between currencies are essential and they imply a nominal exchange rate that is different from the relative price between the two currencies in the goods markets. There are persistent violations of the law of one price and purchasing power parity in equilibrium, despite the fact that prices are perfectly flexible and all goods are tradeable between countries. Nominal and real exchange rates can move together in the steady state in response to money growth shocks.