资管新规、监管套利与系统性风险抑制——来自银行理财业务的证据

本文利用2012-2022年中国102家银行的微观数据,考察《资管新规》能否有效治理银行理财业务中的监管套利行为,以及该政策通过治理监管套利行为从而对银行系统性风险的影响。研究发现:《资管新规》能够有效抑制银行通过发行理财产品逃避资本监管与存款利率管制约束的监管套利行为;机制检验表明该政策是通过打破刚性兑付、禁止资金池运作以及严格非标资产投资来治理监管套利行为;进一步研究发现,《资管新规》通过治理银行理财业务中的监管套利行为从而能降低银行系统性风险。     

资本充足率影响我国商业银行资产风险的实证研究

<正>一、引言作为巴塞尔系列协议以及各国监管当局的监管指标,对商业银行的资本充足率进行监管被认为能够约束商业银行的风险行为,增强其稳定水平。资本充足率越高,银行承担的风险越低。本文使用银行风险加权资产作为商业银行资产风险的度量     

商业银行监管资本套利的均衡分析

监管资本套利,产生于巴塞尔协议资本监管框架的缺陷,是一种利用资本监管制度之间的差异性以及制度内部的不协调性,运用某种手段在不改变实际风险水平的情况下提高资本充足率水平的行为。通过对以下问题的探讨:商业银行监管资本套利所获得的收益在银行与资金需求方之间的配置比例;针对某种资产的监管资本套利,对其他资产供求双方所产生的隐性套利收益的表现形式及其归属程度;由商业银行异质性所导致的监管套利顾客现象;信息不对称情况下,市场对于套利者与非套利者的逆向选择等等,认为银行监管部门应适当引导符合政策意图的套利行为,提高政策引导调控能力。     

监管约束下农村中小金融机构的资本调整与风险承担

为探究监管约束下农村中小金融机构的资本调整与风险承担,本文将资本监管分为惩罚监管和预警监管,结合银行涉农贷款构建实证模型,使用2014-2019年我国95家农村中小银行的面板数据进行实证分析.研究发现:(1)资本监管对满足监管要求的农村中小金融机构具有显著的约束效应,而对不满足监管要求的农村中小金融机构的约束效应较弱;(2)由于面临较高的涉农贷款违约风险,农村中小银行的资本缓冲越大,资本调整越谨慎;(3)农村中小银行可通过增加资本储备来降低风险承担,其资本和风险水平均存在内生调整的稳定趋势.(4)惩罚监管约束下农村商业银行和村镇银行的风险变动具有异质性.据此,本文建议监管部门适时出台指引,引导农村中小银行建立内部资本约束机制,增强银行的风险量化管理能力.     

流动性监管对商业银行风险承担的影响--基于中国银行业监管改革的断点回归分析北大核心

本文构建理论模型分析流动性监管影响银行风险承担的传导机制,发现流动性监管对银行风险承担的影响取决于资产端和负债端中介效应的净影响。在此基础上,本文以2007—2019年中国51家商业银行为样本,运用断点回归模型检验流动性监管对银行风险承担的影响。结果发现,提高流动性监管要求,短期内会显著降低银行单位资产盈利能力,进而加剧银行风险承担行为,但长期会提高银行单位资产盈利能力,进而降低银行风险承担水平。进一步的中介效应分析发现,流动性监管要求与银行单位资产盈利能力呈U型关系,即提高流动性监管要求在长期会提高资产回报率,进而降低银行风险承担水平,但流动性监管对银行负债融资成本的影响不显著,说明流动性监管主要通过资产端影响商业银行的风险承担水平。     

综合经营趋势下金融集团的资本充足度监管

金融综合经营与金融集团的产生,对监管机构的资本充足度监管提出了一些挑战。在传统的分业监管框架下,金融集团可以利用其调配资本资产的灵活性进行监管资本套利,套利手段包括资产簿记调整、资本重复计算、债务资本化、利用非受监管成员企业承担风险等。我国的金融监管机构在已对银行集团和保险集团提出统一资本监管要求的基础上,应通过做实监管协调机制、扩大受监管金融集团范围、对集团内非金融企业进行审慎监管、健全金融集团内部防火墙制度等方法,完善对金融集团的资本充足度监管。     

以经济资本管理推动银行资本节约型发展

经济资本管理的核心就是在银行内部建立资本约束机制,以资本约束风险资产的增长,有效控制银行的总体风险,使经济资本与监管资本保持协调平衡,确保资本充足率水平达到监管要求     

跨境资本周期性波动对中国银行部门的风险溢出机制分析

本文从周期角度出发,构建结构模型和双重△CoVaR模型,探究跨境负债和资产的扩张或收缩对银行部门的风险溢出机制。结果显示:第一,跨境资本周期性波动对银行部门具有显著的风险溢出效应,跨境负债波动的溢出效应强于跨境资产。第二,跨境资本周期性波动通过影响中小银行风险承担和风险实现以及大型银行的风险放大作用影响银行部门。特别地,股份制银行在受冲击和风险放大方面均具有重要作用。第三,跨境资本扩张带来的风险承担会显著提高未来银行业系统性风险实现水平。本文为提高跨境资本管理质量提供了科学依据。     

应急资本工具在限制银行风险承担中的作用北大核心CSSCISSCI

本文研究了应急资本参与者在限制银行风险承担中的作用及其条件依赖性。研究表明,在适当的资本区间内,应急资本债权人有市场约束激励,同时银行股东有动机限制其更大的风险承担/转移倾向。从管控银行风险承担的视角来看,监管当局有引入应急资本工具(或嵌入转股条款的创新型资本工具)的必要性和适当性,但须基于不同银行资本水平的差异进行结构性设计和区别对待。监管当局可允许或强制高资本银行发行一定规模的应急资本,但对低资本银行而言,应在其申报的资本补充和增长计划的评估基础上,审慎核准其应急资本的发行资格和发行规模。     

贷款证券化、监管资本套利与资本监管改进

巴塞尔协议的资本充足率指标可以反映银行部门吸收风险损失的能力,但是无法监测和控制银行体系外的贷款总额和累积的信用风险。20世纪70年代的贷款证券化创新导致银行进行监管资本套利,并使得资本充足率监管趋于失效。本文基于贷款证券化下银行贷款余额与社会贷款余额的差异,分析银行监管资本套利的微观机制并提出改进资本监管的建议。     

政策连续性与商业银行系统性风险

本文基于2007年第一季度至2019年第四季度中国A股32家上市银行非平衡面板数据,从“冲击”和“传染”两个维度考察了政策连续性对银行系统性风险的影响。实证结果表明,政策连续性程度的提高通过降低银行个体风险和减弱银行个体与系统的关联性进而显著降低了银行系统性风险。进一步分析发现,政策连续性降低了银行被动风险承担水平而非主动风险承担意愿,减弱了银行间接关联程度而非直接关联程度。异质性分析表明,经济下行和货币宽松时期,政策连续性对系统性风险的降低效应更大,并且本身破产风险越高、信息透明度越低的银行,其系统性风险受政策连续性的影响越大。区分不同类型的政策发现,货币政策、财政政策、汇率与资本项目政策的连续性上升均能显著降低银行系统性风险,其中货币政策连续性对银行系统性风险的影响力度最大。     

中国银行业系统流动性风险考察与控制——基于资产抛售价格视角

基于银行业在宏观风险来临时出现的流动性不足和系统性风险,通过建立 DSGE-VAR 模型,考量银行业在宏观经济运行框架下的系统流动性风险,结果发现:银行同业借贷、其他证券资产和交易性负债业务的综合作用会使得银行系统流动性风险总体增大,银行如果想要降低存款提取率对其流动性的影响,就要在银行间市场停止拆出资金、出售政府证券及其他流动资产,并出售潜在的流动性较低的资产.从监管层面来讲,应当通过监管的引导效应将交易性负债进行转化,引导同业借贷和其他证券资产业务向平衡区域集中,并在一定范围内减少银行其他证券资产业务的规模.     

Bank pay caps,bank risk,and macroprudential regulation

This paper studies the consequences of a regulatory pay cap in proportion to assets on bank risk, bank value, and bank asset allocations. The cap is shown to lower banks’ risk and raise banks’ values by acting against a competitive externality in the labour market. The risk reduction is achieved without the possibility of reduced lending from a Tier 1 increase. The cap encourages diversification and reduces the need a bank has to focus on a limited number of asset classes. The cap can be used for Macroprudential Regulation to encourage banks to move resources away from wholesale banking to the retail banking sector. Such an intervention would be targeted: in 2009 a 20% reduction in remuneration would have been equivalent to more than 150 basis points of extra Tier 1 for UBS, for example.     

Liquidity Coinsurance and Bank Capital

Banks can deal with their liquidity risk by holding liquid assets (self‐insurance), by participating in interbank markets (coinsurance), or by using flexible financing instruments, such as bank capital (risk sharing). We use a simple model to show that undiversifiable liquidity risk, that is, the liquidity risk that banks are unable to coinsure on interbank markets, represents an important risk factor affecting their capital structures. Banks facing higher undiversifiable liquidity risk hold more capital. We posit that, empirically, banks that are more exposed to undiversifiable liquidity risk are less active on interbank markets. Therefore, we test for the existence of a negative relationship between bank capital and interbank market activity and find support in a large sample of U.S. commercial banks.     

Interest margins and bank regulation in Central America and the Caribbean

This paper examines empirically the determinants of bank interest margins in Central America and the Caribbean over the period 1998–2014. A particular focus is set on the impact of differences in the regulatory environment and market structure across countries in explaining the interest margins of individual banks. Our results suggest that bank market power, operating costs, credit risk, and liquid asset holdings increase the margin between loan and deposit rates, while increased income diversification and GDP growth are associated with lower loan-deposit spreads. When considering information on banking regulation, we find strong evidence to support our main hypothesis that improvements in market quality and liberalization have a significant effect on interest margins. More specifically, reductions in entry requirements to banking, higher involvement of foreign banks, and increased financial statement transparency are associated with significant reductions in interest margins.     

Multiple bank regulators and risk taking

The potential for banks to arbitrage between regulators exists both in the US, with its multiple federal banking regulators, and in Europe, due to multinational banking. This paper models multiple regulators that have an agency bias, which can give rise to a “race to the bottom”. The model is used to analyze the interaction between the regulatory equilibrium and several salient pre-crisis features: rising bank leverage; wholesale funding with asymmetric information; and increasing supervisional costs to disentangling bank asset exposures. Each of these raises bank risk taking on its own, but regulatory competition is shown to be an amplification mechanism.     

Can banks default overnight? Modelling endogenous contagion on the O/N interbank market

We propose a new model of the liquidity-driven banking system focusing on overnight interbank loans. This significant branch of the interbank market is commonly neglected in the banking system modelling and systemic risk analysis. We construct a model where banks are allowed to use both the interbank and the securities markets to manage their liquidity demand and supply as driven by prudential requirements in a volatile environment. The network of interbank loans is dynamic and simulated every day. We show how the intrasystem cash fluctuations alone, without any external shocks, may lead to systemic defaults, and what may be a symptom of the self-organized criticality of the system. We also analyze the impact of different prudential regulations and market conditions on the interbank market resilience. We confirm that the central bank’s asset purchase programmes, limiting the declines in government bond prices, can successfully stabilize banks’ liquidity demands. The model can be used to analyze the interbank market impact of macroprudential tools.     

Determinants of Bank Distress in Europe: Evidence from a New Data Set

Using a unique data set on bank distress, this paper provides novel empirical evidence on the determinants of bank soundness in the European Union (EU) as a whole. The estimation results are consistent with the hypothesis that bank risks have converged across EU members, providing empirical support for introduction of a more centralized system of financial regulation in the EU. We show that asset quality and earning profile of banks are important determinants of bank distress next to leverage, suggesting that these should be central in EU-wide financial regulation and supervision. We find that market discipline, both by depositors and by stock market participants, plays a role in the EU, supporting the notion that transparency and dissemination of financial information would contribute to the financial soundness of banks. Our data also point to the presence of contagion effects, relatively higher fragility of concentrated banking sectors, and hazards associated with high ratios of wholesale funding.     

存款保险、市场竞争与银行经营稳健性

本文基于银行存款市场空间竞争模型,探讨存款保险制度的实施效果和福利效应,及其与市场竞争政策的交互作用。研究表明,政府隐性担保尽管能够保障存款人利益,但会降低存款人对银行经营稳健性的要求,使得银行追求高风险高收益资产从而降低经营稳健性;而市场化的存款保险制度通过费率与风险挂钩的激励机制,能够有效提升银行经营稳健性,同时避免过高政策成本负担,实现较高的社会福利水平。随着市场竞争强化,引入风险差别费率保险制度,在提升银行经营稳健性和增进社会福利方面的效果逐渐增强。模型分析表明,当长期允许机构自由进出市场时,政府强化竞争政策短期可能降低银行的经营稳健性,但长期内高风险银行逐渐退出市场而更有效率的低风险银行进入市场,这种柔性市场退出机制使得银行业整体经营稳健性增强。因此,在金融市场中强化竞争政策,推行并完善当前市场化的风险差别费率存款保险制度,长期内有助于在保护存款人利益的同时,提升银行稳健性和社会福利。     

Reputational contagion and optimal regulatory forbearance

Existing studies suggest that systemic crises may arise because banks either hold correlated assets, or are connected by interbank lending. This paper shows that common regulation is also a conduit for interbank contagion. One bank's failure may undermine confidence in the banking regulator's competence, and, hence, in other banks chartered by the same regulator. As a result, depositors withdraw funds from otherwise unconnected banks. The optimal regulatory response to this behavior can be privately to exhibit forbearance to a failing bank. We show that regulatory transparency improves confidence ex ante but impedes regulators' ability to stem panics ex post.