平均税率、标准税率与收入分布对个人所得税累进性的影响

运用中间累进性指标将个人所得税累进性的变化分解为标准税率的影响及收入分布的影响,对再分配效应变化也做了类似的分解,实证分析了我国2005~2011年个人所得税累进性及再分配效应的变化。结果显示,收入分布改变对于累进性的变化发挥主导作用,平均税率对于再分配效应的变化非常关键。因此,个人所得税的改革首先需要在分析居民收入分布的基础上进行,另外在累进性提高的同时也需十分关注税收规模的变化。     

增值税税率下调的收入再分配效应

增值税是我国的第一大税种,其税率的调整会通过影响居民消费支出中的含税量来影响居民的实际收入水平。通过构建一个能够反映增值税税率调整一般特征的投入产出模型,研究2018年与2019年增值税税率下调的收入再分配效应发现,2018年与2019年的增值税税率下调均改善了城镇居民之间的收入分配状况,且2019年增值税税率下调的收入再分配效应与累进性均高于2018年。鉴于以上研究结论,短期可以适当降低食品制造业的增值税税率,适当提高农产品增值税税率;长期应逐步简并税率,形成针对普通商品与服务的标准税率和针对生活必需品的优惠税率。     

2000～2008年OECD成员国个人所得税变化及对我国的启示

本文通过对2000～2008年OECD成员国个人所得税变化的分析,得出OECD成员国低收入纳税人税负下降、高收入纳税人税负上升,个人所得税最高边际税率普遍下降、税率档次进一步减少、税收累进性提高等结论。借鉴OECD成员国经验并结合我国国情,认为我国个人所得税的功能应定位于调节收入分配,并就如何提高我国个人所得税累进性提出了相关政策建议。     

增值税税率下调的收入再分配效应北大核心CSSCI

增值税是我国的第一大税种,其税率的调整会通过影响居民消费支出中的含税量来影响居民的实际收入水平。通过构建一个能够反映增值税税率调整一般特征的投入产出模型,研究2018年与2019年增值税税率下调的收入再分配效应发现,2018年与2019年的增值税税率下调均改善了城镇居民之间的收入分配状况,且2019年增值税税率下调的收入再分配效应与累进性均高于2018年。鉴于以上研究结论,短期可以适当降低食品制造业的增值税税率,适当提高农产品增值税税率;长期应逐步简并税率,形成针对普通商品与服务的标准税率和针对生活必需品的优惠税率。     

中国个人所得税累进性分析

调节收入分配差距基于税制的公平性，税制的公平性基于税制的累进性。本文基于税制累进程度的影响因素，进一步分析税率结构、免税额、费用扣除、税收减免等因素对中国个人所得税累进程度的影响，为个人所得税有效调节收入分配差距提出政策建议。     

税率调整:强化我国个人所得税收入分配调节效应的选择

个人所得税在调节收入分配上具有其他税种无法相比的优势。在我国,其收入分配调节功能却未充分发挥,甚至在一些年份出现逆调节现象。本文通过分析我国个人所得税收入分配逆调节效应的原因,认为:课税模式、费用扣除标准和税率都对个人所得税收入分配调节作用产生影响。但通过对这三者的分析,认为个人所得税税率的调整才是强化个税收入分配调节功能的重心。     

我国个人所得税对城镇居民收入的调节效应研究

个人所得税对城镇居民收入的再分配效应可以分别从总量和结构的角度进行考察。对不同口径"税前收入"与"税后收入"的研究均发现,我国个人所得税有助于缩小城镇居民的基尼系数,但社会保障缴款显示了一定的逆向调节作用。通过结构分析发现,高收入居民的纳税比重、平均税率、税收累进程度均高于低收入组,但差别不大。同时,各收入组间收入结构、赡养人口的差别,影响了税收的再分配效应。     

我国个人所得税收入再分配效应的再探究

个人所得税的收入再分配效应是近年来税收领域的热点话题。本文利用中国家庭追踪调查（CFPS）数据，结合上市公司高管薪酬与福布斯财富排行榜，尝试在修正微观调查数据的样本结构偏差问题的基础上，更准确地评估我国个人所得税的收入再分配效应。研究发现：第一，修正样本结构偏差问题后，综合所得个人所得税的收入再分配效应提高了30%以上；第二，个人所得税对收入排序前端群体的调节力度有限，随着居民收入水平的提高，我国居民的个人所得税税负呈先上升后下降的倒U字形分布；第三，我国综合所得个人所得税对于综合所得项目的再分配效应较强，但个人所得税的其他项目累进性较弱，最终使得我国个人所得税整体的收入再分配效应有限。基于上述结论，本文建议逐步将更多的收入类型纳入综合所得征收范围、逐步建立以家庭为单位的个人所得税纳税申报制度、严格管理经营所得的核定征收制度、规范地方财税优惠政策。     

试议我国工薪所得个人所得税最高税率

本文在最优税制理论的基础上,考虑了高收入者收入的帕累托分布现状,并使用我国现实收入数据对工资、薪金所得的个人所得税最高税率进行了测算。实证结果显示,我国当前"工资、薪金所得"的最高税率45%偏高,应适当降低至35%~40%。从我国当前国情来看,适当降低个人所得税最高税率并不会对我国财政收入产生较大影响,而最高税率的降低会发挥个人所得税在调节收入分配和进一步改善资源配置中的积极作用。     

我国利息税税负累进程度分析——以北京地区为例

税负累进程度是指税收负担随收入数额的增加而提高的程度,它是衡量税收公平的指标.对我国现行利息税税负累进性的分析表明,当前5%的税率下,利息税的税负累进性微弱,20%的税率更能增强利息税的税负累进性.要强化利息税的公平功能,可能的政策途径有:提高利息税税率;设定起征点,采用累进税率;并入个人所得税实行合并征收;加强对利息税收入的二次分配.     

我国个人所得税制的功能定位和发展完善

个人所得税的功能定位首先应放在调节收入分配上,以解决目前我国现阶段收入分配严重不公的问题;其次要考虑发挥其组织财政收入的功能。改革课税模式、健全费用扣除、规范税收优惠、加强税收征管是我国个人所得税改革的应有选择。     

The effects of standardized tax rates,average tax rates,and the distribution of income on tax progressivity

This study examines the changes in US individual income tax progressivity over the 1986–2003 period using the indexes developed by [Kakwani, N.C., 1976. Measurement of tax progressivity: An international comparison. Economic Journal 87(March), 71–80]. Although progressivity over this time frame has generally been studied in the literature, we provide additional insights by decomposing the changes in index values to account for the effects of concurrent changes in the standardized tax rates, average tax rates, and the income distribution. The decomposition should prove to be particularly useful when different summary indexes lead to conflicting conclusions about progressivity changes, as is often the case. From a policy standpoint, we show that it is the standardized tax rates, a derivative of the legislated tax rates, which need to be monitored and managed to offset the negative progressivity effects of increasing before-tax income inequality.     

What Makes the Personal Income Tax Progressive? A Comparative Analysis for Fifteen OECD Countries

In this paper, we explore the roles of tax credits, rate structures, allowances and deductions in determining the overall progressivity of net income tax liabilities in fifteen OECD countries. Three clusters emerge: (i) the rate-structure countries, Australia, France, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain, where the rate effect is the dominant (but not the only) source of progressivity of gross and net tax liabilities; (ii) the allowance countries, the English-speaking countries other than Australia, where allowances are the dominant source of progressivity; and (iii) the mixed structure countries, Belgium, Finland, Germany and Sweden, where roughly half of the progressivity of gross tax liabilities is attributable to the rate structure.     

Income Shifting in the Spanish Dual Income Tax*

Based on a model of behavioural response to taxes, and using the Taxpayers Panel from the Instituto de Estudios Fiscales for the period 1999–2009, we analyse whether the dual nature of the Spanish personal income tax (PIT), reinforced by the 2007 reform, has influenced taxpayers’ behaviour, causing them to convert part of their ‘general income’ (from labour, real estate or economic activities) into ‘savings income’ (from movable capital or capital gains). We also extend the analysis of income shifting and study whether Spanish taxpayers also responded to the different tax treatments given to the two types of savings income (from movable capital and capital gains) until 2007, transforming savings income from one type to the other. The results of our study demonstrate three facts. First, Spanish taxpayers did respond to the different tax rates, shifting income from the general base to different forms of savings, especially capital gains. The highest‐income individuals and the self‐employed and business owners are the groups where this behaviour was most marked. Second, the self‐employed and business owners also turned income from movable assets into capital gains, guided by their different tax rates. And third, we find signs of ‘anticipation’ and ‘learning’ effects caused by the 2007 tax reform. We believe that the results obtained will enrich the growing literature on income shifting.     

Rethinking the Pfähler–Lambert decomposition to analyse real-world personal income taxes

We provide a generalization and adaptation of the decomposition methodology by Pfähler (Bull Econ Res 42:121–129, 1990) and Lambert (The distribution and redistribution of income, 1st edn, 1989, The distribution and redistribution of income, 3rd edn, 2001), designed to assess the redistributive effect of personal income taxation. In particular, we generalize the methodology to several deductions, allowances, schedules or tax credits, making it suitable for real-world complex tax structures, especially dual income taxes. Additionally, we avoid the problem of sequentiality on the measurement of partial redistributive effects and also take into account the re-ranking effects of tax treatments not related to income. Finally we illustrate the utility of the methodology by carrying out an empirical analysis for the 2007 Spanish Personal Income Tax, which meant a shift from a quasi-comprehensive to a semi-dual income tax.     

Reduced Tax Progressivity in Norway in the Nineties: The Effect from Tax Changes

The inequality in pre-tax income increased in Norway in the 1990s, while the concentration of taxes remained largely unaltered. This means that tax progressivity has decreased in the period, as measured by summary indices of tax progressivity. In this paper I analyze individual income data to ascertain whether tax changes in the period can explain the observed decrease in tax progressivity. As marginal tax rates at high income levels have been substantially reduced in the period, for instance through the tax reform of 1992, it is expected that tax changes may have influenced the degree of inequality in pre-tax incomes. This behavioral effect is examined by deriving estimates of the elasticity of gross income with respect to the net-of-tax rate, obtained from various panel data regressions. The tax changes may also have shifted the distributional burden of taxes for unaltered level of pre-tax income inequality. In order to identify this (direct) effect of tax-law alterations, the same fixed distribution of pre-tax income is exposed to various tax-laws in the period.     

当前我国个人所得税改革的若干问题探讨

2011年新个人所得税改革政策出台后,我国的个人所得税仍然面临诸多矛盾冲突,如缺乏整体税制设计、改革的指导思想不够明确以及改革缺乏对征管约束的考量等。应明晰个税改革的目标和责任,对改革进行准确定位;对税制进行整体设计,推动个税向综合与分类相结合的制度突破;适时跟进个税征管领域的配套改革。     

“十四五”时期的个人所得税改革展望

个人所得税在调节收入分配、实现社会公平方面具有重要作用。“十四五”时期的改革部署中明确提出了健全直接税体系,提高直接税比重的要求。因此,“十四五”时期个人所得税改革的重点在于提高个人所得税收入占税收总收入的比重,同时实现税收公平目标。对比近两年国外个人所得税发展趋势,发现我国个人所得税存在收入占比较低、劳动所得税负较重等问题。可以从多方面入手解决问题。一是将资本所得纳入综合所得计税范围,同时推进现代化税收征管,避免税收流失,以提高个人所得税收入占税收总收入的比重。二是通过完善专项附加扣除政策,进一步降低中低收入群体的税收负担,实现税收公平。三是优化高端人才税收优惠政策,提高人力资本积累对高质量发展的贡献。