上市公司负债水平与投资支出关系的实证研究

较高的负债水平对投资支出的影响表现为抑制正常投资和约束过度投资两个方面.本文使用2000～2002年间的面板数据,检验了我国上市公司的负债水平与其投资支出之间的关系及其影响机制.实证结果表明,在国有股比例低的公司中,高负债抑制了高增长性企业的投资支出;国有股比例高的公司中,高负债既没有约束低增长性公司的过度投资,也没有抑制高增长性公司的正常投资.这些结论对我国宏观政策的制定提供了有益启示.     

企业过度负债的地区同群效应

本文研究中国上市企业过度负债的地区同群效应及其产生机制、作用因素和对企业经营的影响。数据表明,2009-2016年我国不同地区企业的过度负债水平存在明显差异。在排除个体、地区因素以及分选效应的替代性解释后,本文发现:企业的过度负债存在显著的地区同群效应,企业是否过度负债及其过度负债的程度分别与企业所在省区的过度负债企业占比和过度负债指数正相关;过度负债地区同群效应产生的潜在机制在于非领头企业、低融资约束企业和连锁董事网络中心度低的企业的模仿行为;地区市场化进程、金融发展程度以及企业高管的金融背景对过度负债的地区同群效应具有显著影响。过度负债的地区同群效应对企业经营的影响表现为:同群效应越强,企业过度负债水平越高、偿债能力越弱、过度投资越严重、盈利能力越低。     

财务报告质量、债务期限结构与企业投资效率的相关性研究——以我国上市公司为例

以上海证券交易所2007-2011年的A股公司作为研究样本,剖析我国A股上市公司财务报告质量、债务期限结构与公司投资效率三者的相关性,并提出理论假设。通过对样本的实证分析并对假设进行验证,结果显示:投资效率与财务报告质量正相关,并且更能有效缓解上市公司的过度投资行为;投资效率与短期债务比率呈正相关,能够有效抑制过度投资与投资不足;短期负债比率能够加强财务报告质量对企业投资不足程度的负相关关系,从而加强对企业投资效率的正相关关系。     

论会计稳健性对我国国有控股上市公司过度投资的制约作用

本文主要从会计稳健性角度探讨其对国有控股上市公司过度投资的制约作用。首先,从理论上分析会计稳健性的"及时确认损失,推迟确认收益"的特有治理机制可以制约国有控股控股上市公司因信息不对称和委托代理导致的过度投资。然后,分析国企的股东和债权人为减少国企过度投资带来的损失,对会计稳健性是有需求的,即会计稳健性对国企过度投资的制约是现实存在的。最后,结合国有控股上市公司特有的治理特征进行分析,得出会计稳健性在特有的环境中治理作用被弱化。因此,本文最后为了会计稳健性更好发挥对国有控股上市公司过度投资制约作用提出两方面建议。     

高管政治背景、负债约束与企业投资

以高管政治背景为切入点,分析企业融资约束对投资的影响作用,揭示了高管政治背景、企业投资与负债约束之间的关系,为我国民营企业解决融资困难提供一种思路和方法.     

浅析预算软约束对EVA治理过度投资效应的影响

我国国有企业过度投资严重的问题由来已久,为缓解这一问题,国资委在国有企业中推行EVA业绩考核与评价机制.已有文献研究表明EVA业绩考核体系能够有效抑制企业的过度投资现象,但我国仍然处于经济转轨时期,一些特殊的制度因素,比如预算软约束问题会带来融资条件的差异,从而会对微观企业的过度投资产生影响.那么,预算软约束问题是否会影响EVA考核治理过度投资的有效性这一问题就值得受到关注.本文通过分析,认为EVA可以有效缓解"内部人控制"问题引起的预算软约束所产生的过度投资问题,但无法有效缓解政策性负担引起的预算软约束所产生的过度投资问题.     

企业负债率、研发投资强度与企业价值

选取2003—2010年沪深A股上市公司R＆D数据,研究R＆D投入与上市公司债务融资的相关性和R＆D投入与上市公司市场价值关联性。实证研究发现：企业的负债率越高,其研发投入越少,非国有控股上市公司所面临的债务融资约束更大;企业的研发投入对公司价值具有正向影响,并且这种影响会因企业负债水平的高低而不同。在模型中进一步加入RDI＊D负债水平交叉项后发现,相对于负债水平较低的企业,负债水平较高企业的研发投入对公司价值的正向影响是减弱的,对于非国有控股上市公司,这种减弱效应更为显著。     

上市公司固定资产投资规模影响因素

固定资产投资对宏观经济增长和微观企业发展意义重大.文章通过对经典投资理论和实证研究成果回顾,找到并通过我国国有上市公司样本数据实证检验这些因素.结论显示经典投资理论对我国上市公司投资规模确定具有适用性,我国上市公司投资规模取决于投资机会、内部现金流和负债程度,国有上市公司整体表现为投资过度.     

控股股东控制、负债融资与企业投资

使用我国上市公司2000～2005年间非平衡面板数据,本文检验了控股股东控制下负债融资对企业投资的影响。研究表明：企业负债与投资规模显著负相关,但负债对国有控股公司投资水平抑制作用较弱;负债抑制了低成长公司的过度投资,而对于高成长公司,负债抑制了其正常投资;短期负债相比长期负债相机治理作用较强;银行借款对非国有控股企业投资支出抑制作用更强;企业投资与银行借款的负相关关系随着国有控股股东持股比例的增加而减弱,而非国有控股企业控股股东的持股比例变化不会对投资与银行借款之间的关系产生显著影响。     

破产成本对企业投融资决策互动关系的影响

融资决策与投资决策作为企业理财活动的两大部分,一直是国内外学者们关注的问题.文章从理论上讨论了破产成本因素作用下负债融资与投资决策之间的互动关系.表明,负债融资会通过对破产风险的正向影响负向地作用于企业的投资决策,反过来,投资支出会正向地影响企业的破产风险,从而抑制负债融资的增加.负债融资带来的破产风险可以约束企业投资,但负债融资又会导致投资不足问题,这种非效率投资将相应地提高负债融资的成本,对企业的负债融资产生抑制作用,降低其治理效应.     

Seasonal mortality for fractional ages in short term life insurance

Abstract

Fernández-Durán, and Gregorio-Domínguez, Seasonal Mortality for Fractional Ages in Life Insurance. Scandinavian Actuarial Journal. A uniform distribution of deaths between integral ages is a widely used assumption for estimating future-lifetimes; however, this assumption does not necessarily reflect the true distribution of deaths throughout the year. We propose the use of a seasonal mortality assumption for estimating the distribution of future-lifetimes between integral ages: this assumption accounts for the number of deaths that occurs in given months of the year, including the excess mortality that is observed in winter months. The impact of this seasonal mortality assumption on short-term life insurance premium calculations is then examined by applying the proposed assumption to Mexican mortality data.     

DISTRIBUTIONS OF FINANCIAL RATIOS IN THE COMMERCIAL BANKING INDUSTRY

Much research in banking assumes that the data are normally distributed. There has been little empirical confirmation of this assumption. In this paper, the normality assumption is subjected to an extensive test using data for virtually all U.S. commercial banks for several years. The statistical characteristics of 11 common financial ratios are investigated. The findings reject any broad assumption of population normality.     

Tax-Adjusted Discount Rates with Investor Taxes and Risky Debt

This paper derives a tax-adjusted discount rate formula with a constant proportion leverage policy, investor taxes, and risky debt. The result depends on an assumption about the treatment of tax losses in default. We identify the assumption that justifies the textbook approach of discounting interest tax shields at the cost of debt. We contrast this with an alternative assumption that leads to the Sick (1990) result that these should be discounted at the riskless rate. These two approaches represent polar cases. Each generates its results by using a different simplifying assumption, and we explain what determines the correct treatment in practice. We also discuss implementation of the valuation procedure using the capital asset pricing model.     

论内部控制理论之构建:关于内部控制基本假设的探讨

近年来,内部控制的理论研究得到各界的空前重视。然而,关于内部控制基本假设的研究依然缺乏。本文将对内部控制理论体系的基础--内部控制基本假设问题进行探讨,全文分为三个部分,在界定内部控制基本假设的内涵和厘清内部控制基本假设的特征之后,提出内部控制的四个基本假设:控制实体假设、可控性假设、复杂人性假设和不串通假设。     

Regression Analysis v. Ratios in the Cross-section Analysis of Financial Statements

The assumption that the calculation of a ratio generates a useful number is widespread among analysts. The recent literature on financial statement analysis has highlighted this assumption and raised doubts about its validity on both theoretical and empirical grounds. This paper aims both to summarise and extend this discussion. An examination of the literature is followed by empirical work based around UK data on the brewing industry. A concluding section assesses the relevance of this strand of research for the practice of financial statement analysis.     

The Feeble Link between Exchange Rates and Fundamentals: Can We Blame the Discount Factor?

Recent research demonstrates that the well-documented feeble link between exchange rates and economic fundamentals can be reconciled with conventional exchange rate theories under the assumption that the discount factor is near unity ( Engel and West 2005 ). We provide empirical evidence that this assumption is valid, lending further support to the above explanation of the empirical disconnect between nominal exchange rates and fundamentals.     

Common Failings: How Corporate Defaults Are Correlated

We test the doubly stochastic assumption under which firms' default times are correlated only as implied by the correlation of factors determining their default intensities. Using data on U.S. corporations from 1979 to 2004, this assumption is violated in the presence of contagion or “frailty” (unobservable explanatory variables that are correlated across firms). Our tests do not depend on the time‐series properties of default intensities. The data do not support the joint hypothesis of well‐specified default intensities and the doubly stochastic assumption. We find some evidence of default clustering exceeding that implied by the doubly stochastic model with the given intensities.     

The Information Content of Cash Flows and the Random Walk: Evidence from the Helsinki Stock Exchange

Using a sample from the Helsinki Stock Exchange, this paper examines whether observed market reactions to unexpected cash flows are sensitive to the random walk assumption of cash flow behaviour. We consider the random walk (with drift) model commonly used in related literature, and we consider cash flow expectations generated with individually estimated parsimonious univariate time series models and an index model. Market reactions to unexpected cash flows are indiscernible under the random walk assumption, while significant market reactions are found when expectations of cash flows are measured with models which better capture their time series properties. Prior studies that rely on the random walk assumption have probably been biased against finding a significant market reaction to cash flow information.     

企业经理人报酬契约的嵌入性结构分析

"经济人"假设前提下的企业经理人激励理论对现代企业存在的某些现象无法给出合理解释,我们在放宽了"经济人"假设前提的关系合同理论基础上,通过对合同治理结构(权威治理和双边治理)和嵌入人际关系(对称结构和非对称结构)的匹配对经理人的报酬契约进行分析,认为国有企业属于权威型的不对称结构,而民营企业属于双边治理的对称结构。因此,国有企业经理人的报酬契约模式相对单一且倾向于政府干预,而民营企业经理人的报酬契约模式更加多样化并倾向于市场治理。     

Closed Form Solutions for Term Structure Derivatives with Log-Normal Interest Rates

We derive a unified model that gives closed form solutions for caps and floors written on interest rates as well as puts and calls written on zero-coupon bonds. The crucial assumption is that simple interest rates over a fixed finite period that matches the contract, which we want to price, are log-normally distributed. Moreover, this assumption is shown to be consistent with the Heath-Jarrow-Morton model for a specific choice of volatility.