知识经济时代人力资源会计的探讨

21世纪是知识经济的时代，作为知识载体的人力资源将成为影响企业生存和发展的基本因素，一个与知识经济时代相适应、以人力资本与财务资本相结合的会计理论与方法体系将成为知识经济时代的会计主流。本文将与同仁共同探讨人力资源会计的有关问题。     

建立我国人力资源会计初探

人力资源是21世纪的战略资源,是知识经济时代的财富源泉.在知识经济条件下,以知识、信息、科技为主体的人力资本在某种程度上比实物资本和货币资本更为重要,这说明人力资源会计在企业财务会计核算中的地位将愈来愈重要.本文在对我国现行会计核算对人力资本处理中存在弊端分析的基础上,探讨了建立人力资本会计模式问题.     

21世纪企业资产负债表与损益表的发展趋势

人类即将进入的２１世纪将是知识经济世纪，传统的会计理论与方法体系将面临全面冲击，在知识经济时代人力资本、效力资本将面临如体确认、计量和报告，资产负债表和损益表也将面临变革。     

人力资源会计系统的研究现状及完善建议

知识经济时代下,知识对企业的发展有着举足轻重的影响,人力资本的质量显然已成为企业资本质量中最关键的要素.我国的人力资源会计研究是从20世纪80年代后期开始的,现如今从理论以及实务上都取得了一定的成果,但却迟迟未推行普及,原因便是有关人力资源会计系统方面的研究在学界并未统一,因此有必要对人力资源会计系统的研究现状进行分析及完善.     

知识经济时代人力资源会计的产权制度基础与双重核算模式

现代人力资源会计理论以工业经济时代"资本雇佣劳动"的产权制度为出发点,从而使理论缺乏系统性、理论间存在较多冲突.在知识经济环境中,人力资源逐渐成为核心生产因素,相对于非人力资源它具有一定的稀缺性优势,并且人力资源所有者意愿也有能力承担企业的经营风险,这就给"劳动雇佣财富"的产权制度提供了可能,也为人力资源会计的系统化发展提供了基础.在新的产权制度下,人力资源会计应当采用双重核算模式,即根据人力资源进入企业的方式以及其存在属性,分别采用所有者权益核算模式和债权人权益核算模式.这种核算方式解决了人力资源会计核算的争论,将原本相互割裂的人力资源的成本确认、价值计量等理论融入到同一体系之中.     

关于人力资本价值计量模型的思考

在知识经济时代,人力资本已成为推动经济发展,维持企业持久竞争力的重要动力之一,而人力资本的价值计量问题则一直是人力资本理论研究的热点问题.本文通过分析人力资本会计价值计量的相关理论,对人力资本价值计量方法及计量模型进行了全面地阐述分析并提出改进方式,以期对人力资本的价值计量有更为深刻的了解,为人力资本会计的进一步完善提供一定的理论依据     

知识经济对人力资源会计影响的再思考

进入知识经济时代,人作为一种资源越来越受到重视,人力资源会计的重要性也凸显出来。然而,知识经济时代的人力资源会计又显现出与以往不同的特点。本文立足于这些特点,提出知识经济时代人力资源会计的发展方向,并结合具体问题提出解决方法。     

论知识经济对人力资源会计的影响

进入知识经济时代 ,人作为一种资源越来越受到重视 ,人力资源会计的重要性也突兀而出。然而 ,知识经济时代的人力资源会计又显现出与以往不同的特点。本文立足于这些特点提出知识经济时代人力资源会计的发展方向 ,并结合具体问题提出解决方法。     

关于人力资源会计计量的初步探讨

人力资本对经济增长的贡献份额越来越大,这点已为人们广泛认同.知识经济的兴起,意味着"知识与信息"已成为经济发展的关键生产要素,而知识与信息的生产、传播与利用必须以相应的人力资本为基础,因此人力资本已成为关系企业甚至国家竞争力的关键因素.人力资源会计就是在这种大背景下应运而生的.     

推行人力资源会计的路径选择

人力资源指有关"人"的能力、知识、技能和态度.依据美国会计学会的定义,"人力资源会计是鉴别和计量人力资源数据的一种会计程序和方法,其目标是将企业人力资源变化的信息,提供给企业和外界有关人士使用".在知识经济时代,企业效益的高低将在更大程度上取决于人力资源利用的程度与有效性.因此,研究和推行人力资源会计是十分必要的.     

Social capital and capital allocation efficiency

Based on the social norms and structural theories of social capital, this study examines the relationship between community social capital and the firms’ capital allocation efficiency. We hypothesize and find that the community social capital of a firm's headquarter area has a negative and statistically significant impact on its capital allocation inefficiency, which is robust to alternative proxies for community social capital and capital allocation inefficiency, propensity score matching and instrumental variable regressions. In addition, we find that the effect of community social capital is more pronounced for firms with poor internal ethical culture and weak network connections to outside executives and directors, implying that community social capital becomes important in these situations. This finding links prior social norms and networks literature to capital allocation studies in that the norms and networks components of community social capital discipline self-interested managers’ behavior and reduce information asymmetry-two channels of capital allocation efficiency. Overall, community social capital works as a compensatory monitoring and information transfer mechanism and improves the firms’ capital allocation efficiency.     

Dynamic capital structure and the contingent capital option

The financial crisis has emphasized the difficulties for financial companies to raise funds through conventional liabilities. In this environment, hybrid securities are becoming popular. In this paper we study the optimal capital structure of a company issuing a particular type of hybrid security: perpetual contingent capital, i.e., debt that converts into equity under some conditions. A two-period model with endogenous bankruptcy for a company with equity, straight debt and contingent capital is analyzed. We investigate the instrument under different conversion rules: automatic or optimally chosen by equity holders. We show that contingent capital reduces the coupon of straight debt and expected bankruptcy costs but can require a high spread. A trigger imposed by the regulatory authority in terms of par value of debt may induce a little use of contingent capital with an increase of bankruptcy costs.     

Social capital,human capital,and board appointments

This study investigates whether who a director knows is more important than what they know when it comes to gaining additional board seats. Specifically, we investigate the relative impact of human capital (a director's experiences, skills, and knowledge) and social capital (a director's connections to other directors) in gaining additional directorships. We employ a uniquely constructed index to measure human capital and Social Network Analysis to estimate a director's connectivity to other directors to proxy for social capital. We apply these to a sample of directors from publicly listed companies in New Zealand between 2000 and 2015. We observe that both human and social capital are positively related to acquiring additional board seats. Additionally, we find that directors gaining additional human capital are more likely to acquire additional board seats. We conclude that both human and social capital are important in determining which directors gain additional board seats, although directors should focus on acquiring additional human capital to enhance their chances of further appointments.     

Human capital and optimal positive taxation of capital income

This paper analyzes optimal linear and non-linear taxes on capital and labor incomes in a life-cycle model of human capital investment, financial savings, and labor supply with heterogenous individuals. A dual income tax with a positive marginal tax rate on not only labor income but also capital income is optimal. The positive tax on capital income serves to alleviate the distortions of the labor tax on human capital accumulation. The optimal marginal tax rate on capital income is lower than that on labor income if savings are elastic compared to investment in human capital, substitution between verifiable and non-verifiable inputs in human capital formation is difficult, and most investments in human capital are verifiable so that education subsidies can directly reduce the tax wedge on learning. Numerical calculations suggest that the optimal marginal tax rate on capital income is substantial.     

Subsidiary debt,capital structure and internal capital markets

I study external debt issued by operating subsidiaries of diversified firms. Consistent with Kahn and Winton's [2004. Moral hazard and optimal subsidiary structure for financial institutions. Journal of Finance 59, 2537–2575] model, where subsidiary debt mitigates asset substitution, I find firms are more likely to use subsidiary debt when their divisions vary more in risk. Consistent with subsidiary debt mitigating the free cash flow problem, I find that subsidiaries are more likely to have their own external debt when they have fewer growth options and higher cash flow than the rest of the firm. Finally, I find that subsidiary debt mitigates the “corporate socialism” and “poaching” problems modeled in theories of internal capital markets.     

Intertemporal capital budgeting

This paper analyzes the optimal capital budgeting mechanism when divisional managers are privately informed about the arrival of future investment projects. Consistent with field study evidence, an optimal allocation mechanism can include a stipulation that a capital request for discretionary investment will be declined with positive probability in the period after a significant investment was made even though this is ex post suboptimal. The model derives a number of empirical predictions regarding capital budgeting and the investment of financially constrained firms.     

重新发现资本开拓民族精神——卢德之在《资本精神》中的可贵探索

在卢德之先生的《资本精神》在行将付梓时,松奇先生拿来毛样让我读一读,说这位作者的思想与我有某种共通之处。我读后.——果然如此,这也是能让我用整整一天的时间从头到尾一字不落地读完它的原因。我喜欢读这样的书,与此对应的是那些充满概念和说教的主流学人的著作。我也能想到,并不是所有人都能够像我这样喜欢这种书的原因是,读这样的     

Human capital investment,new firm creation and venture capital

This paper studies the relation between firm investment in general human capital, new firm creation and financial development for new firm financing, such as the existence of a venture capital industry. On one hand, firm investment in general human capital leads employees to generate new innovative ideas for starting their own firm. Since employees need a venture capitalist to start their new firm, firm investment in general human capital encourages the creation of venture capitalists by increasing the need for their services, such as providing advice and monitoring. On the other hand, as new firm financing becomes available, firms’ willingness to invest in general human capital increases, and as a by-product, the creation of employee-founded and venture capital-backed new firms increases in the economy. Hence, our model provides a rational explanation for the emergence of new firms created by employees of established firms, which represents one of the most common type of new firms in many industries.