劳动密集型产品出口风险分析

劳动密集型产品是我国出口的主导产品,目前,我国外贸出口产品仍以劳动密集型产品为主,出口规模继续扩大,出口增长速度高于全球出口增长速度,出口份额呈现上升趋势.虽然劳动密集型产品出口具有比较优势和国际竞争力,但是西方发达国家对我国产品的出口限制在加大,面临的风险在逐渐扩大,日趋严重.以此为依据本文对我国劳动密集型产品出口所面临的主要风险进行了分析.     

我国劳动密集型制造业升级缓慢的原因分析——基于全球价值链的视角

劳动密集型制造业作为我国的传统优势产业,是我国凭借自身劳动力成本、生产要素价格相对较低的优势嵌入全球价值链中生产环节的结果,是符合我国的比较优势和要素禀赋情况的,并为我国经济的腾飞和发展做出过重要的贡献.然而,由于长期锁定在全球价值链中技术含量低、产品增值少的生产环节,利润空间小,抗风险能力差,随着内外部环境的变化,我国劳动密集型制造业的发展前景不容乐观.本文从企业向价值链高端攀升的动力不足、企业向价值链高端攀升的能力不够、企业向价值链高端攀升存在阻力三个反面,分析了我国劳动密集型制造业长期锁定在全球价值链低端的原因,并由此提出了相应的建议.     

企业应对社会责任标准体系(SA8000)认证需要注意的几个问题

SA8000是国际社会为限制跨国采购企业的经营行为而制定的社会责任标准体系.在SA8000的普及和推行过程中,一些发达国家往往打着维护人权和社会责任的幌子,迫使发展中国家不断提高劳动力成本,削弱发展中国家劳动力资源丰富的比较优势,使SA8000认证成为限制发展中国家劳动密集型产品出口的工具.因此,我国企业申请SA8000认证时应注意对认证和咨询机构的选择,注意企业产品成本、利润的控制和保密,注意保全企业的技术秘密.     

我国劳动密集型制造业升级缓慢的原因分析——基于全球价值链的视角

劳动密集型制造业作为我国的传统优势产业,是我国凭借自身劳动力成本、生产要素价格相对较低的优势嵌入全球价值链中生产环节的结果,是符合我国的比较优势和要素禀赋情况的,并为我国经济的腾飞和发展做出过重要的贡献。然而,由于长期锁定在全球价值链中技术含量低、产品增值少的生产环节,利润空间小,抗风险能力差,随着内外部环境的变化,我国劳动密集型制造业的发展前景不容乐观。本文从企业向价值链高端攀升的动力不足、企业向价值链高端攀升的能力不够、企业向价值链高端攀升存在阻力三个反面,分析了我国劳动密集型制造业长期锁定在全球价值链低端的原因,并由此提出了相应的建议。     

品牌创新,我国制造业发展的必由之路

一、我国制造业现状 进入新世纪以来,我国制造业在世界制造业的排名大幅度上升,我国制造业总量在国际上排名为第4位,占全球制造业总量的6.3%,然而中国的研发投入仅占全球制造业投入的0.31%,甚至低与印度.从国际分工来看,发达国家是以研发和服务业为主,中国是以制造业为主,中国虽然已经成为所谓"世界工厂".但由于研发能力太低,所以,我国在国际分工中必然处在末端,生产的附加值偏低,缺乏国际竞争力.由于我国企业很多是劳动密集型企业,主要靠劳动力成本低为优势的,生产的产品档次不高.基本上就是依靠采样、来料加工、产品设计,关键原材料和设备大多数依靠进口,这是目前大多数中国制造业的基本特征.     

加强区域合作 共同应对全球金融危机带来的挑战

<正>巴基斯坦中央银行副行长Ashraf Mahmood Wathra在发言中指出,全球金融危机使得大多数新兴市场经济体在近期遭遇了严峻的经济挑战。一是危机的范围更广,影响更深、更加复杂。特别是依靠出口的新兴市场,由于发达经济体需求和出口下降,导致电子产品以及其他劳动密集型产品出口收益率降低,失业率上升,工资、消费和生活福利下降。二是外资流人有所减少,外汇市场面临更大的压力。三是全球危机导致国际大宗商品价格的大幅波动,对货币管理,特别是通胀管理和通胀预期的管理带来了挑战。     

新企业所得税法下劳动密集型企业税收优惠政策的制定

新农村建设将带来规模巨大的农村富余劳动力城乡间的转移,形成空前的就业压力,同时我国也应抓住全球产业转移的机遇,"中国制造"、"中国创造"两手并举,吸纳农村富余劳动力、减缓就业压力,充分发挥我国劳动力资源的比较优势。本文认为,在新企业所得税法对税收优惠体系的设计中,应考虑对劳动密集型产业的税收激励,并依据我国国情,有针对性地提出了政策建议。     

人口老龄化与劳动力成本粘性

本文以2005-2017年中国A股上市公司为研究样本,采用我国各个省份的常住人口老龄化数据衡量人口老龄化程度,实证检验了人口老龄化对于企业劳动力成本粘性的影响。结果表明,人口老龄化显著提高劳动力成本粘性。进一步研究发现,人口老龄化对劳动力成本粘性的影响在劳动密集型企业和民营企业中更加显著。本文从企业微观视角出发,考察人口老龄化对企业人力成本的影响,加深了我们对人口老龄化经济后果的认识。本文结果表明推动企业优化升级是降低人口老龄化负面影响的重要途径。     

蓝领产业集体西进

蓝领产业即劳动密集型产业在上世纪80年代在中国沿海地区盛行,当时是由于一些发达国家和地区企业因本国土地及劳动力价格等因素,纷纷把产业转移到了中国沿海地区。如今这一产业却转移到了中国大陆地区之间。有关专家预测,自今年沿海劳动密集型产业向大陆中西部地区大规模性转移的序幕开始拉开,预计未来五年内这种转移将达到高潮。驱动产业西进的直接原因是沿海地区生产成本的上升,这与上世纪80年代世界制造业移人我国沿海地区的本质是一致的。近年来沿海地区土地、劳动力、能源等基本要素供给趋紧,价格不断攀升,劳动力密集型制造业失去了在本地再发展的优势。劳动力资源、土地费用、电、水等能源在中部也比较充裕而且更便宜。中西部庞大的潜在内需市场对于沿海企业来说才是最重要的原因。在中西部投资,可以更方便地接近日益增强的消费群体,以获取利润。而当地企业的产     

最低工资标准提高对企业资本劳动比的影响研究

资本劳动比的提高对企业发展、经济增长和结构转型都具有重要意义。本文利用2002—2011年中国工业企业数据和283个地级市统计数据,探讨了最低工资标准提高对企业资本劳动比的影响。研究发现,最低工资标准提升对制造业企业资本劳动比具有显著的正向影响。平均而言,最低工资标准每提升10%,企业资本劳动比将提高2%,该结果在工具变量回归、双重差分法等多项稳健性检验下均成立。机制分析表明,最低工资标准提高会使企业增加资本投入和减少劳动力雇佣,这一结论为企业用资本替代劳动力的事实提供了直接证据。异质性分析表明,最低工资标准提升对企业资本劳动比的影响主要集中于非国有企业、较低工资水平企业和劳动密集型企业。进一步研究发现,随着最低工资标准提升,企业生产率和盈利能力显著提高,从而佐证了企业用资本替代劳动力的积极效应。本文的研究为进一步完善最低工资制度,促进经济转型升级提供了经验依据与政策启示。     

教育与资本怎样的前景怎样的现实

来自政府的声音: "动员各种社会资源,发展教育" 此次论坛上财政部长助理张少春的发言是最受关注的发言之一.他的演讲传达出的信息有这样几方面:第一,谈到现实,他认为全社会对教育的巨大需求与我国公共投入不足已成为我国教育事业发展的突出矛盾.近年来,以公共部门投入为主,多渠道筹措教育经费的教育投入机制成为解决这一问题的重要途径,也使得公共部门与私营部门在教育领域的合作日益密切.第二,谈到前景,他认为,1.中国经济持续、快速的增长对高技能人才产生巨大的需求,这为私营部门的参与提供了广阔空间.2.随着公共财政职能的不断完善,财政资金将在各项教育事业中重新进行分配,进一步优化财政支出结构,提高资金的使用效率.在"十一五"期间,我国将把公共支出的重点转移到农村.我们将逐步把全体农村适龄儿童的义务教育全部纳入公共财政体制.     

Debt and Taxes and Uncertainty

With a graduated personal tax schedule, Miller showed that there could be an equilibrium debt supply for the corporate sector as a whole. In the presence of uncertainty there is also a unique debt/equity ratio for each individual firm, and this ratio is related to the firm's operational risk characteristics. However, if firms merge and spin off in response to tax incentives, the identity of firms is ambiguous and only the corporate sector is a meaningful construct. These arguments are developed in both discrete and continuous models that employ extensions of the arbitrage-free pricing theory.     

East and west and north and south : A preliminary model

The Brandt report and other proposals for a new North-South world order continue to be the focus of lively debate, yet it is often argued that little concrete has emerged from their recommendations. A major reason for this, the author argues, is that the East-West conflict component is not sufficiently taken into consideration-East-West tensions are a severe constraint on and a determining factor of North-South relations. Using influence diagrams, the author develops a flexible framework for discussion and assessment of N/S-E/W relations.     

Director gender and mergers and acquisitions

Does director gender influence CEO empire building? Does it affect the bid premium paid for target firms? Less overconfident female directors less overestimate merger gains. As a result, firms with female directors are less likely to make acquisitions and if they do, pay lower bid premia. Using acquisition bids by S&P 1500 companies during 1997–2009 we find that each additional female director is associated with 7.6% fewer bids, and each additional female director on a bidder board reduces the bid premium paid by 15.4%. Our findings support the notion that female directors help create shareholder value through their influence on acquisition decisions. We also discuss other possible interpretations of our findings.     

Political corruption and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between political corruption and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that local corruption increases firm acquisitiveness but decreases firm targetiveness. The levels of corruption in acquirer areas relate positively to the bid premiums and negatively to the likelihood of deal completion. Corruption motivates acquiring firms to use excess cash for payment, which mitigates the negative effect of corruption on acquirer shareholder value. The evidence indicates that acquisitions help acquiring firms convert cash into hard-to-extract assets and relocate assets from the high to low corruption areas, thereby shielding their liquid assets from expropriation by local officials.     

Trust and cross-border mergers and acquisitions

A number of studies suggest that social trust matters for investment. Using different measures of trust from World Values Survey, we show that countries where people display higher levels of trust engage in more cross-border M&A activities. When they do, these acquirers pay lower premiums. To the extent that these acquirers also tend to engage in larger acquisitions as well, our findings suggest that a larger selection pool of potential targets and higher value targets enable these acquirers to negotiate for lower premiums. We do not find evidence of the significant effect for target country trust levels. Hence, trust may benefit those acquiring firms in cross-border transactions.     

Tournament-based incentives and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between tournament-based incentives, which are proxied by the difference between a firm's CEO pay and the median pay of the senior managers, and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that tournament-based incentives are positively related to firm acquisitiveness and acquiring firms' stock and operating performance. Further analysis indicates that positive acquisition performance increases the likelihood of the CEO being promoted from inside the acquiring firm. Our evidence is consistent with the view that tournament-based incentives motivate acquiring firms' managers to make greater efforts and take more risk that result in superior acquisition performance.     

Corporate Innovations and Mergers and Acquisitions

Using a large and unique patent‐merger data set over the period 1984 to 2006, we show that companies with large patent portfolios and low R&D expenses are acquirers, while companies with high R&D expenses and slow growth in patent output are targets. Further, technological overlap between firm pairs has a positive effect on transaction incidence, and this effect is reduced for firm pairs that overlap in product markets. We also show that acquirers with prior technological linkage to their target firms produce more patents afterwards. We conclude that synergies obtained from combining innovation capabilities are important drivers of acquisitions.