环境信息披露视阈下的企业融资约束:基于现金—现金流敏感性模型

本文探究了企业环境信息披露程度对公司融资约束的影响。研究发现,我国上市公司普遍存在融资约束问题,而企业披露环境信息可以降低企业的融资约束,且企业环境信息披露质量越高,对于企业融资约束的缓解作用越明显。因此,存在融资约束的企业应通过充分披露企业的相关信息,降低与市场的信息不对称程度,缓解自身的融资约束问题。     

环境信息披露视阈下的企业融资约束:基于现金—现金流敏感性模型北大核心

本文探究了企业环境信息披露程度对公司融资约束的影响。研究发现,我国上市公司普遍存在融资约束问题,而企业披露环境信息可以降低企业的融资约束,且企业环境信息披露质量越高,对于企业融资约束的缓解作用越明显。因此,存在融资约束的企业应通过充分披露企业的相关信息,降低与市场的信息不对称程度,缓解自身的融资约束问题。     

环境信息披露影响银行的信贷决策吗?——来自重污染行业的经验证据

本文全面分析了环境信息披露对债务融资额、债务融资期限结构和债务融资成本的影响,并在对环境信息披露水平进行适度披露、过度披露和不足披露的划分基础上,深入探讨了不同程度的环境信息披露对债务融资的影响差异。研究表明:企业的环境信息披露行为有助于改善银企双方的信息不对称程度,降低银行的信贷风险,进而帮助企业获取更多的债务融资额、长期融资额和更加优惠的贷款。但企业无须"过度粉饰"其环境信息,因为只有适度的环境信息披露才能传递真实的企业信号,帮助银行对企业的环境管理和经营运作进行正确判断,有效解除银行对其融资约束。因此,企业要想通过环境披露缓解银行的融资约束,就应该规范其环境披露行为,多披露"具体的、易验证的"环境信息,少披露"空泛的、说明性的"环境信息。     

关键审计事项披露、信息透明度与企业融资约束

本文基于2015-2019年A股上市公司数据，实证研究关键审计事项披露对企业融资约束的影响。研究发现，关键审计事项的披露能够缓解企业融资约束，且披露数量越多，企业融资约束缓解越明显。进一步对作用机制进行检验，发现关键审计事项的披露能够通过提升企业外部信息透明度缓解企业的融资约束。此外，关键审计事项披露要求提出后，发现民营企业、低会计稳健性企业融资约束缓解效果更为明显。本文从融资约束角度考察新审计准则的微观经济层面作用效果，同时纳入企业信息透明度的考察角度，为企业全面披露关键审计事项段、寻求融资缓解提供新的思路与启示。     

融资约束:文献综述与启示

融资约束是约束企业投资活动的重要原因。不完美市场中,企业内外部信息不对称,导致企业向外部市场融资时频频碰壁。融资约束问题在我国中小企业、民营企业、高新技术企业尤其显著。本文通过对大量文献梳理,从信息不对称、金融市场、企业内部因素等方面分析融资约束的形成原因和影响因素,结合融资约束对企业投资活动的影响,整理出缓解问题的措施。     

分析师关注、内部控制与企业债务融资约束

本文以我国A股上市公司2013～2017年数据为基础,实证检验内部控制质量和分析师关注对债务融资约束的影响。研究结果表明,内部控制质量越高、分析师关注度越高的企业,债务融资期限水平越长,融资成本越低,新增贷款规模越大,即债务融资约束越宽松;并且,分析师关注与内部控制质量在缓解债务融资约束方面存在替代效应;此外,进一步分析这种替代效应在不同产权性质和不同市场地位的企业中的差异,相比于国有企业,在民营企业中分析师关注与内部控制质量对缓解债务融资约束的替代效应更加显著;相比于市场地位高的企业,在市场地位低的企业中分析师关注与内部控制质量对缓解债务融资约束的替代效应更加显著。     

融资约束代理变量

现实中,金融市场并不属于完美市场,其存在着信息不对称问题,企业融资难问题普遍存在.本文首先阐述了融资约束的理论基础即信息不对称理论和代理理论,接着回顾了融资约束的代理变量,最后做了相应的总结.     

治理结构与中小企业融资约束

信息不对称是导致中小企业融资约束的根本原因,但信息不对称普遍存在。本文从治理结构的视角探讨中小企业融资约束问题,以2011~2013年江苏省中小板上市企业的相关数据为研究样本,实证研究中小企业特殊治理结构对其融资约束的影响。研究表明,中小企业特殊的治理结构会加大其融资约束:当其他条件不变时,董事长兼任总经理时融资约束较大;高管持股比例对融资的负面影响在董事长兼任总经理的企业更大。     

网络平台互动能够缓解企业融资约束吗——来自交易所互动平台问答的证据

本文以信息技术发展和资本市场监管转型为背景,利用深交所"互动易"平台和上交所"上证e互动"平台中问答板块2010-2018年中国A股上市公司网络平台互动数据,实证检验了上市公司和投资者通过交易所网络平台进行互动对企业融资约束的缓解作用.实证结果显示:网络平台互动能够显著缓解企业融资约束,内生性处理和稳健性检验的结果依然支持这一结论;作用机制检验的结果表明,网络平台互动是通过缓解信息不对称程度进而来缓解融资约束的;进一步研究的结果显示,高质量的网络平台互动能更有效降低融资约束程度,网络平台互动缓解融资约束具体表现为扩大企业外源融资规模.本文的研究从融资约束缓解的视角为利用网络互动平台提升资本市场效率提供了经验证据.     

网络平台互动能够缓解企业融资约束吗——来自交易所互动平台问答的证据

本文以信息技术发展和资本市场监管转型为背景,利用深交所"互动易"平台和上交所"上证e互动"平台中问答板块2010-2018年中国A股上市公司网络平台互动数据,实证检验了上市公司和投资者通过交易所网络平台进行互动对企业融资约束的缓解作用.实证结果显示:网络平台互动能够显著缓解企业融资约束,内生性处理和稳健性检验的结果依然支持这一结论;作用机制检验的结果表明,网络平台互动是通过缓解信息不对称程度进而来缓解融资约束的;进一步研究的结果显示,高质量的网络平台互动能更有效降低融资约束程度,网络平台互动缓解融资约束具体表现为扩大企业外源融资规模.本文的研究从融资约束缓解的视角为利用网络互动平台提升资本市场效率提供了经验证据.     

Corporate Twitter use and cost of equity capital

This paper investigates whether firms that communicate information on social media have a lower cost of equity capital. Using a hand-collected dataset comprising the full universe of all firms listed on the NYSE, AMEX and NASDAQ since the inception of Twitter, I show that firms that use Twitter have a lower cost of equity capital. Furthermore, firms that face the greatest information asymmetries; namely, smaller companies, companies with few analyst followings, and companies with the least institutional holdings, benefit particularly from tweeting financial information. For identification, I employ a difference-in-difference analysis based on the staggered adoption of Twitter, and a propensity score match (PSM) of tweeting and non-tweeting firms.     

Do investors affect financial analysts’ behavior? Evidence from short sellers

We examine how short sellers affect financial analysts’ forecast behavior using a natural experiment that relaxes short-sale constraints. We find that increased ease of short selling improves analyst earnings forecast quality by reducing forecast bias and increasing forecast accuracy. The improvements can be explained by both the disciplining pressure from short sellers and increased price efficiency from incorporating information in a timely manner. Although it is well documented that financial analysts can affect investors, our paper provides novel evidence on how sophisticated investors, short sellers, can affect analysts.     

Analyst coverage,corporate social responsibility,and firm value: Evidence from China

This paper examines how analyst coverage affects firms' engagement in corporate social responsibility (CSR). Using data on Chinese listed companies from 2010 to 2017, we find that (1) analyst coverage significantly enhances CSR engagement; (2) ownership structure, political connection, corporate governance, and media coverage moderate that association; (3) a plausible mechanism is that analyst coverage increases CSR by increasing site visits from institutional investors and improving firms' internal controls. In addition, the interaction between analyst coverage and CSR engagement has an economically sizeable incremental effect on firm value. Overall, our findings indicate that financial analysts play a critical external monitoring and informational role for organizations.     

Corporate governance and the information environment: Evidence from Chinese stock markets

This article explores the relationship between corporate governance and the information environment in Chinese stock markets. We construct a parsimonious governance measure for public firms using a 2003 through 2011 sample period. We use four indicators to proxy for the information environment: analyst following, analyst forecast accuracy, analyst forecast dispersion, and price timeliness. We find that better governed firms tend to be associated with larger analyst followings and more informative forecasts. We also find that better governed firms tend to improve on the timeliness of bad news relative to good news.     

Analyst Earnings Forecasts for Publicly Traded Insurance Companies

Several trends in the insurance and financial services industry, including demutualizationconsolidation, and deregulation, have attracted increasing attention from investors and financial analysts. This paper investigates the accuracy of the earnings forecasts of financial analysts for insurance companies. Our empirical results indicate that analyst forecasts outperform random walk time-series forecasts. Furthermore, we find that both disagreement over earnings forecasts among analysts and the relative forecasting error in the mean forecasts is smaller for life insurers than for property-casualty insurers, whereas the relative errors for forecasts for multiple-line insurers are in between the two. Forecasting error is a negative function of firm size and the number of analysts who are following a company, and is a positive function of the disagreement among analysts.Analyst forecasts have a timing advantage over the random walk model. Our results also suggest that the fair value reporting requirement (SFAS 115), which has been in effect since 1994, has enhanced the accuracy of analyst forecasts. The SFAS 115 has improved the superiority of analyst forecasts over the random walk forecasts for life insurers, but not for property-casualty insurers, and there is a weak improvement for multiple-line insurers. JEL Classification: G15     

Does corporate governance transparency affect the accuracy of analyst forecasts?

Using country‐level proxies for corporate governance transparency, this paper investigates how differences in transparency across 21 countries affect the average forecast accuracy of analysts for the country's firms. The association between financial transparency and analyst forecast accuracy has been well documented in previous published literature; however, the association between governance transparency and analyst forecast accuracy remains unexplored. Using the two distinct country‐level factors isolated by Bushman et al. (2004 ), governance transparency and financial transparency, we investigate whether corporate governance information impacts on the accuracy of earnings forecasts over and above financial information. We document that governance transparency is positively associated with analyst forecast accuracy after controlling for financial transparency and other variables. Furthermore, our results suggest that governance‐related disclosure plays a bigger role in improving the information environment when financial disclosures are less transparent. Our empirical evidence also suggests that the significance of governance transparency on analyst forecast accuracy is higher when legal enforcement is weak.     

Financial centers and ownership concentration: When is ownership concentration value relevant? Evidence from an emerging market

Does the location of a firm’s headquarter effect ownership concentration? Do stock market participants value ownership concentration differently for firms located at different geographic locations? Using data from India, this paper shows that firms headquartered in Mumbai, the main financial center of a country, have lower ownership concentration than firms headquartered elsewhere. We argue that clustering of firms in the financial center reduce information asymmetries and lower the incentives for concentrated ownership. Our results also show that as the extent of analyst following increase, the difference between ownership concentration of firms headquartered in Mumbai and firms headquartered elsewhere goes up. We argue that higher analyst coverage reduces information asymmetries quicker for firms headquartered in the financial center and results in larger difference between the two groups. In addition, we also show that ownership concentration is value relevant only for firms headquartered in the non-financial centers. We show no relationship between ownership concentration and firm performance and valuation in the financial centers. This paper provides evidence that location of a firm’s headquarter in the financial center can significantly alter its information environment. Reduced information asymmetries lower the incentives for concentrated ownership in the financial centers.     

IAS 39 reclassification choice and analyst earnings forecast properties

In October 2008, the International Accounting Standards Board amended IAS 39 to allow banks to retroactively reclassify financial assets that previously were measured at fair value to amortized cost. By reclassifying financial assets, a bank can potentially avoid recognizing the unrealized fair value losses and thereby increase its income and regulatory capital during a market downturn. We examine the implications of the reclassification decision by banks for the properties of financial analyst earnings forecasts during 2008–2009, when economic conditions were highly volatile. We find that the reclassification choice during the financial crisis reduced analyst forecast accuracy and increased forecast dispersion. We also find that the observed decline in analyst forecasting ability is limited to the year of adoption when the economic environment was highly volatile.     

Analyst coverage,earnings management and financial development: An international study

Using data from 21 countries, this paper analyzes the relation among analyst coverage, earnings management and financial development in an international context. We document that the effectiveness of financial analysts as monitors increases with a country’s financial development (FD). We find that in high-FD countries, increased within-firm analyst coverage results in less earnings management. Such is not the case in low-FD countries. Our results are economically significant and robust to reverse causality checks. Our findings illustrate one mechanism through which financial development mitigates the cost of monitoring firms and curbs earnings management.