公允价值与会计稳健性

公允价值与会计稳健性具有对立性的一面,同时具有实现相互协同的基础。一直以来,会计计量原则中关于公允价值计量和稳健性计量相互之间权衡问题受到国内外会计学术专家的关注。本文就从公允价值与会计稳健性的内涵、新会计准则下公允价值与会计稳健性应用的现状以及公允价值与会计稳健性兼顾的对策对该问题进行了分析和探讨。     

公允价值对会计稳健性影响分析——以某上市公司为例

公允价值与会计稳健性一直都是会计界备受关注的两个问题,两者的产生都与不确定性紧密相关,但两者对不确定的反映却截然不同。通过分析公允价值对会计稳健性的影响,从而发现运用公允价值对我国资本市场上会计信息质量所发生的影响,便于公允价值在我国今后的应用和发展。本文运用会计学的会计信息质量特征等理论,分析找出二者在我国存在的主要问题,再结合对某上市公司的分析,找出公允价值发展兼顾稳健性的对策。     

会计稳健性对权益价值评估的影响——基于沪深上市公司的经验研究

本文通过使用2001～2009年上市公司的面板数据,对沪深上市公司会计稳健性定价系数进行测定,发现与美国资本市场类似,我国样本公司会计稳健性定价系数的均值小于0。进一步研究发现,由于我国特殊的制度背景,亏损公司盈余管理是影响会计稳健性定价系数异象的主要因素。具体来说,我们发现亏损样本公司组的会计稳健性定价系数的均值显著小于0,而盈利样本公司组的该系数大于0,市场在一定程度上能对好消息公司和坏消息公司进行区分。但是,在我国弱有效的资本市场上柠檬效应导致盈利公司会计稳健性系数的定价过低。     

产权保护、公允价值与会计稳健性

在金融危机和会计国际趋同的宏观背景下,以产权保护为逻辑主线,本文重点考察了公允价值与会计稳健性之间的关系。研究发现:在历史成本会计模式下,公允价值与会计稳健性之间若即若离;在公允价值会计模式下,公允价值与会计稳健性之间彻底悖离;在混合会计模式下,公允价值与会计稳健性之间适度耦合;金融危机中公允价值论战的焦点表面上是会计的技术性问题,实质上是会计的社会性问题,即公允价值充当了一个产权博弈的筹码。     

公允价值计量与公司盈余管理的相关性研究

本文采取理论和实践相结合的方法对上市公司采用公允价值计量短期投资后的盈余管理行为进行研究.首先对国内外文献进行综述,在文献综述的基础上,提出了本文的研究假设:在历史成本计量的条件下,制造业上市公司进行盈余管理的可能性相对较强;在采用公允价值计量的条件下,制造业上市公司进行盈余管理的可能性减弱.然后,选取了A股制造业上市公司2007年和2008年的报表数据为样本进行截面分析,并对比2006年的报表数据,在此基础上选择了数据比较全面的几家公司为样本进行分析.模型上采用的是我国学者蒋义宏(1998)提出的回归模型.     

公允价值计量对上市公司盈余管理的影响——基于金融行业的研究

新会计准则下,公允价值计量属性更多地应用于会计实务,可能会给企业创造新的盈余管理空间。本文就公允价值计量与上市公司盈余管理的关系建立了一个规范与实证相结合的研究框架。根据公允价值在我国各个具体会计准则中的应用情况,分析企业运用会计准则中的公允价值计量属性进行盈余管理的手段,并选取2007-2010年度可能存在盈余管理的上市公司作为样本,使用相关分析、回归分析等方法对财务报表的各特定指标进行实证研究,最终得出公允价值计量与上市公司盈余管理存在的线性关系,并给出相关建议。     

论公允价值与会计稳健性的兼顾

2006年财政部颁布了新的会计准则,最大的特点就是全面引入了公允价值计量属性。公允价值计量的引入,有利于提高会计信息的决策有用性和价值相关性。但是由于公允价值固有的不确定性及确认传统会计中不予确认的未实现的收益等,会对会计信息的稳健性产生影响。因此,深入系统探讨公允价值会计信息的稳健性问题,有着重要的理论意义和现实意义。本文从相关理论及研究文献的回顾出发,通过分析公允价值的不确定性及风险性,认为公允价值会计信息在稳健性方面存在一定的缺陷,提出通过合理确定两者使用顺序和充分披露等方法,确保公允价值信息在提高信息决策的相关性方面又能兼顾稳健性。     

论公允价值与会计稳健性的融合

与历史成本相对应,公允价值作为一种新兴的计量属性,其引入有助于提高会计信息的价值相关性和决策有用性。但由于市场的不确定性,公允价值与会计信息的稳健性会产生冲突,所以,公允价值会计是学术界和实务界关注的热点问题。本文阐明了公允价值与会计稳健性的内涵,分析了两者之间的辩证关系,最后提出融合公允价值和稳健性的建议。     

亏损公司会计盈余价值相关性实证研究

本文在对中国资本市场1999～2005年亏损公司和盈利公司会计盈余和净资产账面价值的价值相关性作出对比分析之后,发现亏损公司会计盈余价值相关性弱于盈利公司,但每股净资产对股票价格的解释力度高于每股盈余对股票价格的解释力度,并且具有增加价值相关性,同时,规模变量是影响亏损公司股价的重要因素之一,但亏损公司现金流量价值相关性弱。     

公允价值对企业盈余管理的影响

会计准则具有经济后果的观点已被国内外学者所证实。公允价值在我国新会计准则中的重新引入会引发多种经济后果,包括可能会增大企业管理层盈余管理的空间。本文从公允价值的相关概念内涵入手,分析了新会计准则引入公允价值后可能引发的新的盈余管理问题,并以金融资产为例说明公允价值对企业盈余管理的影响。     

论公允价值会计审计理论与实务中的若干重大问题

公允价值被公认为我国2006年新会计审计准则的最大亮点.本文认为,公允价值概念的内涵和外延亟待辨析澄清;《企业会计准则2006》缺乏单独的《公允价值计量》准则的重大系统性缺陷亟待弥补纠正;深刻认识公允价值会计的理论意义和历史地位极其重要;公允价值审计任重道远、其风险近期高远期低.     

Equity valuation in practice: The influence of net financial expenses

This study investigates the relevance of net financial expenses with respect to equity valuation in an IFRS accounting regime. According to the residual earnings valuation model, income related to balance sheet items that are recorded at fair value is not applicable for valuation purposes. There are no residual earnings associated with these items because the balance sheet provides ‘perfect’ value estimates for the items in question. In accordance with the contention that under IFRS, aggregate net financial liabilities are recorded at a book value that is close to fair value, this study demonstrates that net financial expenses are not associated with the market prices of stocks. The investigation discusses the empirical findings in light of the enduring controversies regarding the use of fair value accounting.     

Usefulness of comprehensive income reporting in Canada

In January 2005 the Canadian Accounting Standards Board (AcSB) issued three new accounting standards that require Canadian firms to mark-to-market certain financial assets and liabilities and recognize the holding gains and losses related to these items as other comprehensive income or as part of net income. The Board’s objectives for issuing the new standards are (i) to harmonize Canadian GAAP with US and International GAAP, (ii) to enhance the transparency and usefulness of financial statements, and (iii) to keep pace with changes in accounting standards in other countries that are moving towards fair value accounting. This paper investigates empirically whether requiring Canadian companies to report comprehensive income and its components provides the securities market with incremental value-relevant information over the traditional historical-cost earnings approach.Previous empirical studies provide mixed evidence on the value relevance of other comprehensive income and its components. This mixed evidence may be attributed partially to the use of as if methodology to construct an ex-ante measure of other comprehensive income prior to the implementation of SFAS 130, which introduces measurement error. In contrast, this study uses actual data on other comprehensive income for a sample of Canadian firms cross-listed in the US in the period 1998–2003. We find evidence that available-for-sale and cash flow hedges components are significantly associated with price and market returns. We also find that aggregate comprehensive income is more strongly associated (in terms of explanatory power) with both stock price and returns compared to net income. However, we find that net income is a better predictor of future net income relative to comprehensive income. Our findings suggest that mandating all Canadian firms to adopt the new accounting standards is expected to enhance the usefulness of financial statements. Our findings, therefore, should be of interest to Canadian accounting policy makers as they provide ex-ante evidence on the potential usefulness of mandating firms to report comprehensive income and the components of other comprehensive income in their financial statements.     

The Value Relevance of Management Forecasts and Their Impact on Analysts' Forecasts: Empirical Evidence From Japan

A major financial disclosure feature in Japan is that stock exchanges require firms to provide next year's earnings forecasts. This study investigates the value relevance of Japanese management earnings forecasts and their impact on analysts' earnings forecasts. First, the value relevance of management forecasts is investigated using a valuation framework provided by Ohlson (2001 ), in which firm value is expressed as a function of book value, current earnings and next year's expected earnings. The analysis yields that of the three accounting variables examined, management forecasts have the highest correlation and incremental explanatory power with stock price.
Next, the impact of management forecasts on analysts' forecasts is examined. The results show that more than 90% of changes in analysts' forecasts are explained by management forecasts alone. Further analysis reveals that the heavy dependence of financial analysts on management forecasts in formulating their own forecasts may partially be attributed to the relatively high accuracy of management forecasts. At the same time, financial analysts also somewhat modify management forecasts when certain financial factors indicate that the credibility of management forecasts is in doubt.
Overall, this study presents empirical evidence that Japanese management forecasts provide useful information for the market and have a significant influence on analysts' forecasts.     

The association between firm characteristics and CFO's opinions on the fair value option for non-financial assets

SFAS 157 provides a common definition for fair value while SFAS 159 expands the applicability of the fair value option. This paper analyzes the responses of 209 CFOs of U.S. firms to a survey asking whether they would choose the fair value option for non-financial assets (FVONFA) and investigates the determinants of CFOs' responses to the option. One of our results suggests that CFOs in the U.S. are resistant to the FVONFA, consistent with prior studies based on firms in Europe and Australia. Our results also suggest that firm size, leverage, the amount of non-financial assets, and expertise in fair value measurements all positively affect the CFOs' responses to the FVONFA.     

公允价值具有价值相关性吗?基于金融资产的研究

本文以构成我国证券市场主体的A股上市公司为研究样本,考察了公允价值相对于历史成本以及公允价值自身变动产生的未实现收益的价值相关性问题。实证结果发现:相对于历史成本,公允价值具有增量的价值相关性;金融资产公允价值变动产生的未实现收益具有价值相关性;两种金融资产中,只有可供出售金融资产产生的未实现收益具有价值相关性,交易性金融资产不具有价值相关性。此研究结果不仅为国际会计准则在中国证券市场的应用和实施效果提供了经验证据,同时也能够帮助监管层和实务界正确认识公允价值在股票市场上信息传递方面所起的作用。     

公允价值计量与企业利润操纵的关系及防范研究

我国2007年会计准则恢复了公允价值计量模式,在新会计准则中涉及会计要素计量的有30项,其中有21项不同程度的应用了公允价值计量属性。2014年出台了财政部发布《企业会计准则第39号--公允价值计量》准则（财会[2014]6号）,这不仅体现了我国会计准则与世界接轨的趋势,也反映了公允价值这一计量模式在现代社会经济中的的重要性。但随着公允价值得以恢复,企业利用公允价值进行利润操纵的现象时有发生,并且也给某些公司特别是上市公司带来严重损失。     

公允价值计量理论困境探讨

2006年我国新颁布的《企业会计准则》中最大的亮点就是将“公允价值”作为一种计量属性而提出。本文论述了公允价值的本质及其定义,从可靠性和相关性两方面来探讨公允价值计量的难点,最后提出一些解决方法。